Analysis The Hunchback Of Notre Dame - 816 Words

Independent Reading Option 4, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, pages 85-165 Victor Hugo finishes the background and introduction of the characters and begins the plot by setting up the antagonist. During these pages, Hugo continues to allude to many different historical figures and events, provides vivid descriptions of the Notre Dame cathedral and makes it an important symbol in the book. In The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Hugo gives the reader the first look at the Notre Dame cathedral. Hugo personifies the cathedral by using the words talking, singing, breathing, and growing. Hugo uses the words singing and talking to reference the bells which are rung by Quasimodo. The symbolism of the cathedral also ties to the†¦show more content†¦Frollos closest two people symbolize his failures, and Frollo resorts to learn black magic, which sets him up as evil. Frollo additionally hates La Esmeralda, and watches over her from the top of the cathedral like Quasimodo. Unlike Frollo, Quasimodo likes La Esmeralda because she showed kindness and saved his life, so this could potentially cause conflict between Quasimodo and Frollo. Hugo portrays Frollo as evil even more by his hatred of La Esmeralda, by making him use his priest power to find information on her. Option 2, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, pages 85-165 Victor Hugo uses a large part of the book to discuss the history and description of Notre Dame, as well as criticizing the different renovations it has undergone. Hugo also shows common themes of the Romantic Movement in France. In The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Hugo dedicates the whole third book to an in depth description of Notre Dame. For example, †¦where the three porches with their pointed arches; the plinth, embroidered and fretted with twenty-eight royal niches; the immense central mullioned window, flanked by its two lateral windows, like the priest by the deacon and the sub-deacon; the lofty and light gallery of open-work arcades supporting a heavy platform upon its slender pillars†¦ (pg. 94). Here, the narrator describes theShow MoreRelatedThe Hunchback Of Notre Dame Character Analysis2023 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"What makes a monster and what makes a man?† (Schwartz, 83.) — the age old question, so eloquently phrased as the moral of the story in the musical version of The Hunchback of Notre Dame, takes on a whole new light depending on the character a person focuses on. When people think of this question in regards to the aforementioned tale they usually look directly to the protagonist, Quasimodo, however few look to archdeacon and villain himself, Claude Frollo. Now, Frollo isn’t necessarily exactly whoRead MoreHunchback Of Notre Dame Analysis1137 Words   |  5 Pagessequence in The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), in how it demonstrates that Disney classics can internalize false ideology in young women through objectification. Firstly, the female protagonist always expresses a fragmented happiness that only the male protagonist can complete. Secondly, filming conventions are used to put the viewer into the perspective of the male. Thirdly, the appearance and design of the women is created to satisfy the male eye. Although Disney’s The Hunchback of Notre D ame is a classicRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Hunchback Of Notre Dame 950 Words   |  4 Pagesfurther obstacles to connecting to one’s environment. This is illustrated through Peter Skrzynecki’s ‘Immigrant Chronicles’, in which he depicts the complications of belonging through his personal experiences. In addition, Victor Hugo’s ‘The Hunchback of Notre Dame’ also represents the intricacy of connecting to others through the protagonist, Quasimodo. Essentually, both texts explore the impact of a relationship, or lack thereof, on self-identity. Peter Skrzynecki’s ‘In the Folk Museum’ illustratesRead MoreHunchback Of Notre Dame Film Analysis1228 Words   |  5 Pagesand how did the filmmakers come to believe them? By examining several great Hollywood films over a span of three decades, the answer will become clear. The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939) marks one of the great turning points both in Hollywood and around the world. With the rise of Nazi Germany fresh in the minds of its exiled directors, Hunchback revolves around themes of progress vs superstition and the persecution of ethnic minorities. Within the world of the film, nearly all of the â€Å"good† charactersRead MoreMouse Morality : An Analysis Of Christian, Family, And Homosexual Values1420 Words   |  6 PagesMouse Morality: An Analysis of Christian, Family, and Homosexual Values in Disney According to Richard Land, one of the originators of the Southern Baptist Convention’s Boycott of Disney, Disney is pushing a â€Å"Christian-bashing, family-bashing, pro-homosexual agenda† in its film, television, and theme park empire. However, this accusation is not accurate in regards to the majority of entertainment that Disney produces. Since the beginning of Walt Disney’s creations, the brand has focused on promotingRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Children876 Words   |  4 Pagesperceive the world around them. If a child forms gender stereotypical schema with regards to aggressive behavior, he or she may end up following the behavior themselves or having unrealistic expectations how others will behave. It is important to analysis just how the media portrays both male and female characters so caretakers can ensure that their children do not form false schemas. This study analyzed the difference in the amount of aggressive behaviors committed by male and female charactersRead MoreAnalysis Of Disney s And Fat Phobic Appearance Personality Correlation2223 Words   |  9 Pagesmonarch. Part of the racial microaggression in Disney intersects with its sexism, though the misogyny displayed is spread out in small snippets over multiple movies rather than seen in large, overexaggerated antagonizing film basises. For instance, in analysis of 16 pre-2001 ‘classic’ dubbed films, it was found that males had a job count of at least 26 while women only boasted 4 out of home occupations, namely actress, sheep tender, thief and fairy, if they had any occupation at all.. In an already patriarchicRead MoreThe Movie Camera: The Evolution and Impact of Filmmaking2204 Words   |  9 Pagesserious art films like Birth of a Nation and Intolerance films that taught both history and ideology B.Silent Auditoriums (Szaloky, 2002, p. 109) C.Classical Epics adapted for film: The humanities shape film and vice versa. Works like The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Ben-Hur show a relationship between literature and the movie camera IV.Evolution of the Advancement A.A New Kind of Comedy: Keaton and Slapstick, Satire, and Spectacle: The General the apex of silent filmmaking (Ebert, 2002). B.TheRead MoreEssay about Disney and Discrimination1430 Words   |  6 Pagescombat that comment by using Quasimodo from Hunchback of Notre Dame as an example of the weak rising to success. Religion, also plays a role in Disney whether one would like to believe it or not. Through the addition of â€Å"Gay Day† at Walt Disney Theme Parks, Disney is trying to take steps to promote equality for all types of interests. Yet, like any of the above topics, this too is controversial based on your own personal religious beliefs. This analysis of Disney comes at a time when our world isRead MoreLes Miserables: an Analysis1421 Words   |  6 PagesLes Misà ©rables By Victor Hugo An Analysis by Neyko Gelo L. Dela Cruz, 3-11 August 3, 2015 â€Æ' INTRODUCTION Victor Hugo Victor Marie Hugo, born on February 26, 1802, was a celebrated French author during the Romantic Movement and is best known for his poetry and his novels including The Hunchback of Notre-Dame and Les Misà ©rables. His father served as a high-ranked officer in Napoleon’s army. Since it is against his mother’s

Sports And Its Impact On Sports - 946 Words

Sports have advanced very fast similarly to technology. They have been impacting not only the athlete’s lives, but the coaches and spectators also. Milan Hosta has gone on to explain many different topics within the article â€Å"Ethics and Sport: Whose Ethics, Which Ethos- A Prolegomenon†. Milan Hosta unclearly gives knowledge to his audience on the ethics in sports, in which it makes the article seem very scattered and unorganized. He begins by giving the reader some background on past ethics in sports and gives the audience questions to think about. Then, he went a little deeper into the ethics of sport and how people ideally see themselves within them; also he used sports science throughout the article. The author then continued to search for methods such as the true morality in sport to help the main topic of ethics in sport, while jumping around getting off topic. In the beginning, Milan Hosta started off with a great way to open up the article and give an idea of how the text would read. He gives a broad generalization of the reason for the text, in which he says, â€Å"when thinking about sport ethics we come up against the fundamental dimensions of sport and of the human being.† (Hosta 89) He then later goes on to make an obvious point by saying there would be no sport if there weren’t human beings to participate within it. The author then goes onto goes on to say the article will not answer many concrete questions. This will automatically make the reader assume certainShow MoreRelatedSports And Its Impact On Sports Essay962 Words   |  4 Pagesother International sport competitions has catalyzed the sports scientists to take interest in exploring all the aspects and possibilities that can contribute to enhance sports performance to an greater heights. In sports primary motive is to win the game by following set of rules. By playing within these rules one s character is developed. What matters in the sports is how the play er handles victory and how to handle the disappointments that comes with the defeat. Although sports is not an art orRead MoreSports Impact On Sports1408 Words   |  6 Pagescalmly and stand above such actions. Germany’s largest football magazine, Kicker and chief editorial writer Rainer Holzschuh were conflicted, but deferential towards Chinese concerns. â€Å"Freedom of expression is an inviolable good of a democracy, but sport and sporting events should stay politically neutral. Football should unify not separate.† The only winners seem to be Tibet-Initiative Germany volunteers, who met their objective of bringing attention to the plight of Tibetans. An activist at theRead MoreThe Impact Of Sports On Sports Industry950 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition of sport industry; the sports industry is a market wherein the products manufactured and offered to its customers are sport, recreation and fitness related and may be activities, amenities or people. Sports we support, follow and play today are part of our day-to-day lives and we forget that over 250 years ago the sports established today did not yet exist and the few that did would be unappealing and unrecognisable to the sports fans of today. Looking back to the history of sports we see aRead MoreThe Impact Of Early Sports On Sports791 Words   |  4 PagesEarly specialization in a single sport has become increasingly popular. Early sports specialization can be defined as year-round training in a specific sport with the exclusion of other sports at a young age. Youth are influenced and often encouraged to participate in one specific sport, with the hopes of increasing their chances of being successful in that sport. With the money in college and professional sports increasing the need to train children to compete at a high level has increased. YoungRead MoreImpact Of Sports On Sports Tourism1175 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Throughout the twentieth century sports tourism has developed from a privilege of the few sports tourism has to be considered as more than just the crossroads of sports and analysis of organizational aspects of sports tourism; and tourisms seems to be one of the major challenges in this field , organizational issues have rarely been addressed in sports tourism research diverse actors are involved in sports tourism. Although, sports tourism research has made noteworthy progressRead MoreThe Impact Of Sports On Womens Sports1568 Words   |  7 PagesTraditionally men have dominated the world of sports however in recent year’s women’s sports have become popular and with their new found popularity, women’s sports have evolved into marketable leagues of their own. Although women’s sports took a huge leap forward, women players still don’t receive the same financial compensation for playing the same sports in the same arenas as their male counterparts. In Purse Snatching by Donna Lopiano, she points out sexism may have a huge effect on this financialRead MoreThe Impact Of Sports On Sport On Society1263 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Participation in sport is a significant aspect of leisure activity in our society (Filo, Funk, O’Brien, 2008). Additionally, sporting events influence millions of people and create a worldwide phenomenon- sport fandom (Keaton Honeycutt, 2014). The emotions of sport fans rise and fall with their favorite team’s performance. Sometimes they exhibit unimaginable behaviors, such as taking off clothing in cold weather to celebrate the wins, bearing monsoon rains to buy a final ticket,Read MoreThe Impact Of Sport On The Sport Industry1029 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Sport is an important growing industry compared to other similar sectors such as agriculture and fishery. The industry contributes a vital social and economic value to the society. According to the Eurobarometer survey in 2010, the industry has significant social movements across the EU . Sport also has the positive effects of bringing changes to the modern society and the culture .The substantial growth of the sport sector has a positive outcome on creating new jobs, training and educationRead MoreSports And Its Impact On Society Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Sports today are popular not only in the United States, but also throughout the rest of the world. Due to the fact that sports have such a large impact on the world around us, it is common to grasp their effects on us as a society. Personality is who you are or accordingly, is defined as the sum of all physical, mental and sociable characteristics. It is important to understand the positive and negative side effects of being heavily involved in sports. What I have experienced from beingRead MoreImpact Of Sports On Society1371 Words   |  6 Pages1920’s Impact of Sports on Society The 1920’s were an important time period in America’s history. The horrors of World War one were at long last over and society was collectively ready to move on to greener pastures. Americans proceeded vigorously to make life feel more refined than before the war. From the mass production of automobiles and the automation of everything imaginable to the rebirth of African-American culture and fine arts, the world had drastically changed. One such instrument in

Deconstructing an accounting paradigm shift - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Deconstructing an accounting paradigm shift. Answer: Part A: Impairment has a primary doctrine that an asset might not be carried on the balance sheet statement beyond the recoverable value, which is the greater of the fair value of the asset less cost to sell and value-in-use. The comparison between the carrying value and the recoverable value of the asset is made and the asset is impaired at the time the former is more than the latter (Bond, Govendir and Wells 2016). Any allocation of impairment is made to the asset at that point of time with the impairment loss realised in profit or loss. All assets subject to the review of impairment are tested for impairment, in which there is an indication that the asset might be impaired. However, there are different assets like infinite intangible assets and goodwill, which are tested for yearly impairment in the absence of any impairment indicator (Laing and Perrin 2014). The computation of recoverable amount is made at the individual asset level. However, an asset leads to cash flows independently of other assets and majority of the assets are tested for impairment in classes of assets explained in the form of cash-generating units (Linnenluecke et al. 2015). According to Paragraph 104 of AASB 136, the impairment loss for cash-generating unit (CGU) is realised, if the recoverable value related to the CGU is lower compared to the carrying amount of that CGU. The allocation of impairment loss is made for reducing the carrying value of the unit assets and they are followed sequentially in two steps. Firstly, the carrying amount of any goodwill apportioned to the cash-generating unit would be minimised and secondly, the other asset units pro-rata based on the carrying amount of each assets in the unit would be reduced. Such minimisations in carrying amounts need to be treated in the form of impairment losses on individual assets and they are to be realised with adherence to Paragraph 60 of AASB 136 (AASB 2014). Moreover, Paragraph 105 of AASB 136 states that for allocating impairment loss, an organisation need not minimise an assets carrying amount below the greater of three possible alternatives. These alternatives include fair value minus disposal costs, value-in-use and zero. The impairment loss amount, which would have been allocated differently to the asset, need to be allocated pro-rata to the other unit assets. Paragraph 106 of AASB 136 cites that it is not possible all the time to anticipate the recoverable amount associated with each individual asset of a cash-generating unit. Hence, this standard needs a random apportionment of impairment loss between the units assets except goodwill. This is because each asset of a cash-generating unit is involved in working together (Kabir, Rahman and Su 2017). Moreover, Paragraph 107 of AASB 136 denotes that in case, the recoverable amount associated with an individual asset is not ascertained, it might lead to two different situations. Firstly, an impairment loss is realised for the asset, in case; the carrying amount is higher in contrast to the fair value minus disposal cost and the outcomes of the procedures of allocation laid out in Paragraphs 104 and 105 of AASB 136 (AASB 2015). Secondly, the realisation of impairment loss is made for the asset, in case; the associated cash-generating unit is not impaired. This is applicable when the fair value of the asset less the disposal cost is lower in contrast to the carrying amount of that asset. For instance, a machine has encountered physical damage; however, it is still in working condition, even though the performance is not effective, as it was before. The fair value minus disposal cost of the machine is lower compared to its carrying amount. In addition, it does not fetch independent cash flows. The smallest identifiable class of assets including the machine along with fetching cash inflows independent of the cash inflows from other assets is the line of production to which the machine belongs. The recoverable amount related to the line of production depicts that such line is not impaired fully. In this case, two different assumptions could be made. The first assumption is that the forecasts or budgets that the management approved signify lack of commitment level of the management in replacing the machine. The machines recoverable amount could not be anticipated, as the value-in-use of the machine might vary from the fair value minus disposal costs and it could be ascertained for the CGU to which the machine belongs (Banker, Basu and Byzalov 2016). Hence, there is no realisation of impairment loss for the machine. Thus, it is necessary for the organisation to re-evaluate the period of depreciation or the method of depreciation related to the machine. It is recommended to the organisation to adopt shorter period of depreciation or faster method of depreciation for signifying the remaining life of the machine or the way in which the economic benefits are estimated to be consumed. The second assumption is that the forecasts or budgets that the management approved symbolise its commitment in replacing the machine by selling it in the upcoming years. The cash inflows from the continual usage of the machine until its disposal are projected to be little. In this case, the value-in-use of the machine could not be anticipated as close to the fair value minus cost of disposal. Hence, it is not possible to ascertain the recoverable amount associated with the machine (Zhuang 2016). Henceforth, there is absence of any consideration to the cash-generating unit, in which the machine belongs, which is the line of production. As the fair value less cost of disposal of the machine is lower in contrast to its carrying amount, an impairment loss is realised for the machine. Based on the above discussion, it could be inferred that when an impairment loss takes place in a CGU excluding goodwill, the loss is apportioned throughout all the assets in the CGU based on pro-rata, which is relative to the overall carrying amount of the CGU. Finally, the accounting of losses is carried out in the same way like that for the individual assets. Part B: References: AASB, C.A.S., 2014. Business Combinations.Disclosure,66, p.77. AASB, C.A.S., 2015. Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures. Banker, R.D., Basu, S. and Byzalov, D., 2016. Implications of Impairment Decisions and Assets' Cash-Flow Horizons for Conservatism Research.The Accounting Review,92(2), pp.41-67. Bond, D., Govendir, B. and Wells, P., 2016. An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.259-288. Kabir, H., Rahman, A.R. and Su, L., 2017. The Association between Goodwill Impairment Loss and Goodwill Impairment Test-Related Disclosures in Australia. Laing, G.K. and Perrin, R.W., 2014. Deconstructing an accounting paradigm shift: AASB 116 non-current asset measurement models.International Journal of Critical Accounting,6(5-6), pp.509-519. Linnenluecke, M.K., Birt, J., Lyon, J. and Sidhu, B.K., 2015. Planetary boundaries: implications for asset impairment.Accounting Finance,55(4), pp.911-929. Zhuang, Z., 2016. Discussion of An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.289-294.

Solution Focused Therapy

Therapists, who rely on solution focused therapy, emphasise the role of exceptions or the situations when a person managed to cope with a problem that usually seemed insurmountable. Moreover, these practitioners lay stress on the idea that a patient has the strength to overcome such difficulties on a regular basis.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Solution Focused Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper includes the discussion of a video that exemplifies the main techniques included in solution focused therapy. In particular, this video shows how a practitioner can help a person control the outbursts of anger. The task of this professional is to assist an individual in changing his/her views on a certain difficulty. These are the main issues that can be distinguished. The principles of solution focused therapy were formulated by Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer (Sharry, 2007, p. 132). This method is aimed at helping clients discover the way in which their difficulties can be overcome. This paper will explore the role of exceptions in this method. In particular, exceptions can be viewed as those situations when a person was able to cope with his/her challenges. Apart from that, much attention should be paid to the amplification of exceptions. In other words, a therapist should highlight the idea that small successes can be transformed into a norm. To some degree, this discussion will be based on the role-playing video illustrating a hypothetical interaction between a patient and a therapist. Overall, this video can give viewers deeper insight into the use of solution focused therapy.  It is important to mention that solution focused therapy is based on the assumption â€Å"that are always exceptions to the problems† (Sharry, 2007, p. 39). In other words, there are situations when a person is able to overcome a certain difficulty. There are various factors that can influ ence the behavior of individuals and their relations with other people. More importantly, in many cases, people forget about such situations. Furthermore, they do not analyse them (Sharry, 2007, p. 39). This is why they often feel helpless. In turn, the task of a practitioner is to urge people to recollect such cases. In part, this principle is reflected in the video. It should be mentioned, a patient is a woman who has problems with anger management (Loveland, 2012). So, she often quarrels with her husband. The practitioner asked her to remember those cases when she did not lose her temper (Loveland, 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, he encouraged her to think about the reasons why she was able to control her emotions. Overall, it is possible to argue that this discussion is the first step to identifying solutions to the challenges faced by people. Thus, patientsâ €™ perceptions can change.  Apart from that, solution focused therapy involves the need to â€Å"amplify the exceptions† (Sharry, 2007, p. 39). In other words, one should encourage a person to think about those qualities that are useful for addressing a certain problem. Moreover, a patient can be asked to speak about his/her experiences on such occasions. This discussion is very important because it demonstrates that a certain problem can be resolved. This approach has been exemplified in this video. For instance, the patient mentioned deep breathing that often prevented her from venting her spleen on other people (Loveland, 2012). Moreover, they talked about such a method as counting from one to ten. The amplification of exceptions is necessary because it makes an individual feel more confident. Furthermore, the feeling of helplessness does not affect an individual very strongly . One should keep in mind that the emphasis on exceptions can be useful for solving other p roblems. For instance, one can speak about work stress, conflicts with relatives and co-workers, or ineffective time management. So, this form of therapy has been used in different settings. This video highlights the importance of other techniques; for instance, the therapist relied on the so-called â€Å"miracle questions† which prompted person to imagine that every problem had been effectively addressed (Sharry, 2007, p. 39; Loveland, 2012). This approach highlighted the idea that it would be easy to overcome a certain problem. Overall, this questioning technique has been rather helpful. Admittedly, one should remember that it is only a role-playing video illustrating a hypothetical interaction between a patient and a practitioner. In real life, therapists may not face considerable challenges. For instance, it may be difficult for a person to recollect those cases when a certain challenge was effectively overcome. Apart from that, he/she can be very irritated. Nevertheless, this strategy chosen by the practitioner can be applied in various setting if a therapist displays empathy for a person. Overall, this discussion indicates that exceptions play an important role in solution focused therapy. They are vital for showing that a patient has the strength to cope with a specific challenge. Many people are adversely affected by the lack of confidence. In turn, one should change people’s views on their difficulties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Solution Focused Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More So, it is important to explore those cases when an individual could address a certain psychological problem or at least reduce its impacts. The chosen video exemplifies the main peculiarities of this technique. It seems that this approach can benefit patients who may encounter various difficulties. Reference List Loveland, D. (Executive Producer). (2012, Apr. 11). Solution Focuse d Brief Therapy  (SFBT) Demonstration [Video file]. Sharry, J. (2007). Solution-Focused Groupwork. New York, NY: SAGE. This essay on Solution Focused Therapy was written and submitted by user Jonathon Juarez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Compare Wordsworths view of London in Composed Upon Westminster Bridge with that of Blake in his poem London Essay Example

Compare Wordsworths view of London in Composed Upon Westminster Bridge with that of Blake in his poem London Essay In the late 18th century and the early 19th century there were two poets named William Blake and William Wordsworth, who came from different backgrounds, but had similar ideas. They were both classed as Romantics. Romanticism means revolting against established social and political structures and against the scientific rationalism of nature and literature. However the late 18th century and early 19th century was a time of historical and social change. It was the time of Revolution. These events had an impact on the work of Blake and Wordsworth. William Blakes poem, London, deals with the difficult and hard life of the working-class people who live there. He describes how dirty the streets are and how the poor people suffer hopelessly and how they are treated in a bad way by the government and monarchy. William Wordsworth however deals with the wealth and glory of London.Blake was born in London in 1757 and had spent most of his life there. He came from a working class family. His par ents made stockings for a living. Because Blake came from a working class background, this might have reflected in his later work, as his subjects are often about poverty and hardship the working class has to deal with. However Blake did not go to school. His mother taught him to read and write, unlike Wordsworth, who went to the Hawkshead Grammer School. By the time Blake became ten, he went to a drawing school. When Blake turned fourteen he spent a short time as an apprentice in engraving. He also went to study at the Royal Academy, but soon he rejected the traditional way of teaching and dropped out. Blake was known to be an eccentric Romantic poet. Many people thought he was mad, especially when he started to say that he saw visions and heard voices. The government thought of him to be a dangerous man, because of his way of thinking and therefore banned his work of being published. Blake had a difficult time and had to work hard for a living.As a poet William Blake was specialis ed in shocking the public with his poems. His texts were often of a religious nature, because he rejected the Curch or any other religion. One of his main reasons was that the Church did not do anything for the poor children in London who were forced to work. The French revolution in 1789 was also one of Blakes inspirations. The French people revolted against the monarchy and the aristocracy, using violence and murder to over win those in power. Blake thought this was exactly what the people in Britain should so, to fight against the governments and monarchys restrictions.He encouraged people to revolt. Blake wore a bonnet rouge to align himself with the French Revolution. Also as a Romantic poet, Blake fought against the Industrial Revolution. He thought it was wrong for people to be working in the factories and not able to work outside. He thought it was important for people to work with nature, to be outside and to be free, which Wordsworth agreed with. Throughout Blakes life he was staunchly opposed to the forces of authority and created his own version of the story of creation stating that, I must create a system of my own as to be enslaved by anothers man. Blake wrote poetry throughout his life, but did not receive any awards or honours like Wordsworth did, until just before his death in 1827.William Wordsworth was born in Cumberland in 1770 and spent most of his childhood in the countryside, which is different to Blake, who lived most of life in the city. Also Wordsworth came from a middle class family. His father worked as a business agent. In 1787 Wordsworth went to study at Cambridge, this reflects that Wordsworth had an academic and privileged background. After his study he went to France to see and support the French Revolution, which was in 1790. Wordsworth supported revolutionary forces in Europe, but towards the end of his life, he had changed his mind. After the French Revolution, Wordsworth returned back to England, where he went to live in Lo ndon and published several bodies of work. Wordsworth was very famous during his lifetime and received awards and honours for his poetry.He became a leading figure in the Romantic movement. His poems mainly focused on natures and mans relationship with the natural environment. Although his poems mainly focused on nature, Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, has a more rural theme. It is rather unusual for William Wordsworth to take the city of London as a subject. However Wordsworth even became Poet Laureate in 1843. Some of Wordsworth famous work, including Composed Upon Westminster Bridge (which was written in 1802) give the landscapes effect on the individuals imagination, unlike Blake, he describes in his poetry, including London the effect of social and environmental change upon the freedom of the individual.The two poems are about London. William Blakes poem describes how dirty the city is and how the working class people are suffering because they are not treated the way they sh ould be treated. Wordsworths poem Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, describes how beautiful the city and that there is nothing more clean and calm than London. Blakes poem, London, describes a journey around London, offering a glimpse of what the reader sees as the terrible conditions faced by the inhabitants of the city. He introduces the reader as the narrator as he wanders through the charterd street. Child labour, restrictive laws of property and prostitution are all explored in the poem. Repetition is used twice in the first stanza, words such as charterd, which refers to the charters that allocated ownership and rights to specific people.Many including Blake, saw this as robbing ordinary people of their rights and freedom. Also Blake makes the audience imagine a dark chartered city with poor and suffering people. He creates a dark, angry and violent image with words such as; hearse, fear, blood, cry, plagues, and blights. The poem is written in a strict ABAB rhyme scheme in ea ch of the four stanzas. In the four stanzas, each section offers a different glimpse of the city, almost like snapshots. It is a ballad like poem; the poet is telling the reader a story. The poem also highlights the governments restrictions which are laid on the people of London and what it tries to make clear is that we as people should fight against the government, palace and church, and no longer let them control our minds.Blake writes in his poem about mind forged manacles, which means that everyone is making their own restrictions; it is like they are forming chains around their heads. Manacles also can be seen as handcuffs, so perhaps Blake is trying to say that the government and monarchy has robbed the people from the ability to think. Blake wants us to make a difference, because he sees how many people are suffering, because of the government. Blake sees that is can not go on for any longer, which Wordsworth does not mention in his poem, Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, he only looks at one particular site of London; Westminster Bridge, which is also one of the wealthier parts of London. Blake also writes about the, harlots curse and blights with the marriage hearse with harlots curse, he means that the youth, who is the future, is being destroyed, because they are corrupted by the government.With blights with plague the marriage hearse, he means that the nature is being destroyed and that a marriage is supposed to be a celebration, but not it is turned to a desolate event. At times the poem becomes biblical, which shows that Blake has a strong interest in religion. It is as if the poet is offering a prediction of the terrible consequences unless changes are made in the city. Blake also writes about other problems Londoners have to face, like the, church, which is linked with blood, makes the reader imagine a black church, which means that the church is polluting the minds of the faithful.This tells the reader that even somewhere sacred like the chur ch is just as famished as the government and monarchy. Blake mentions the palace which is linked with blood; from this we can indicate that Blake did not believe in the monarchy, he thought it to be just as corrupt as the government. Blake wants the reader to see that we as individuals should no longer accept that the government, church and monarchy is doing to us. Blake wants that people stand up for them selves and begin a revolution.Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, is a poem written in a sonnet structure. The poem is fourteen lines long and has a regular rhyme scheme, however the poem does not exactly follow the pattern of a sonnet, but then again Romantics were known to reject the limitation of a pre-determined structure. Although a sonnet poem is associated to love poetry. Wordsworth used this as to show his compassion for London. He describes the beauty of London by morning when he stands on Westminster Bridge, which crosses the river Thames by the house of parliament. He des cribes London from a very nice and rich view in a snapshot.The morning view of London city, from the bridge is very beautiful, as the whole city is at its quietist and calmest. The air looks bright and the sunrise makes the view peaceful. It is not until the fourth line the audience knows what the subject is about. Here the poet creates anticipation in the reader by using this technique. Throughout his poem Wordsworth used personification. With this technique the poet creates a sense of the city living as a creature. When Wordsworth describes the city as Doth like a garment wear, the reader imagines as if the morning enhances the natural beauty of the city. In this line simile is used as well. When Wordsworth describes the river Thames as, The river glideth at his own sweet will, he uses personification, he gives the reader the feeling that there is a sense of calmness and freedom.Another technique Wordsworth uses is comparing nature with man made buildings, so nature is still prese nt and existing peacefully side by side with the city. Wordsworth is also saying All that mighty heart is laying still, which means the heart of the nation which also symbolises passion and love. Wordsworth compares the early morning beautiful of the city to a cloak that later will be removed, because a garment is something temporary. The face of the sonnet is laid down by the use of punctuation, which gives the reader the time to imagine the beauty of the site at dawn. Throughout the poem Wordsworth describes how much he adores the city. This is even more clear when he uses hyperbole earth had not anything to show more fair, by which he is telling the reader that there is nothing more beautiful than the city of London, this is quite a bold statement. He even tries to manipulate the audience into loving the city.With dull would be the soul who could pass by, he guarantees the reader that they would love the city as much as Wordsworth himself does. He also mentions the cities nature. He compares the cities natural and made features, which he put in the same sentence to compliment each other. However negative language is used as well; Never did the sun more beautifully. and Neer saw I, never felt a calm so deep! This creates an impression that the city is superior to nature. It is almost like Wordsworth is trying to day that London is the pinnacle of creation. Towards the end of the poem, Wordsworth describes London as sight so touching in its majesty, which describes the city as majesty awe-inspiring. Words such as, mighty and majesty suggest the strength of power of the city. It could be compared to a lion or even a monarchy.Both poets use poetic techniques in their poems to describe London in their own way. On of those techniques is the use of enjambment, in Blakes poem he talks about; chimneysweepers cry. The third stanza represents the working class, in which the poems subjects are only known through the traces that they leave behind. This could be interpre ted as Blake is conveying the point that upper classes never see the working class apart from what they leave behind them. The chimney sweepers cry, this not reiterates the previous point, but it also gives the reader an eerie feeling to the poem and enables him to ask questions about the subject. In the third stanza; the chimney sweepers in old London would have been children, which again gives a different perspective and image to the chimney- sweepers cryThe thirds stanza portrays the point that the industry is a rising profession and also a corrupt one. Every blackening church appals, which relates tot he idea of sending children into chimneys and that every generation of church members should theoretically do something to stop this. However that is not what they do, instead they just turn a blind eye, something which Blake finds shocking. Relating to the revolution is not only the Industrial but also the French revolution, during that period of the Romantic poetry is hapless sol diers sigh, and the cry of the chimney-sweeper, almost mystically metamorphoses into blood down the palace walls. This use of enjambment helps create the picture of how much there is wrong with the city as it cannot even fit onto one line.Both poets used the title as a poetic device. In Blakes London, it is considering the whole of London and the description of the city that he sees as he is moving around the streets. He uses words such as blackening, cry etc. Which are negative adjectives. The picture he creates is that of a sad and grimy city. In Wordsworth poem, Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, he is trying to put a message across of what he sees. Wordsworth wants to tell the reader that London is the most beautiful city in the country and maybe even on earth. However Wordsworth overlooks the poor conditions in which the working class families lived. He only sees the bright and wealthy side of London. Wordsworth also says, earth has not anything to show more fare, because the ai r is very bright and clear, however the air was only smokeless, because it was at the early morning, when it was completely calm. Therefore he describes London based on one favourable morning, this is a very selective view.Both poets use the technique of repetition. William Blakes poem keeps repeating every, which means everybody that lives in London and everywhere he looks. Also he repeats, cry frequently. He uses a negative feeling and repetition of, mark, which refers to the physical marks carried by the people as a result of conditions they have been living in for a long time and Blake repeated this word to get the message across. The repetition also symbolises the way in each thing can be enforced into peoples minds; repeatedly doing things may cause them to become a habit.Blakes tight structure and use of negative language and angry tone in his poem, London gives the reader a feeling that there are so many things wrong in London. He wants the people to stand up and fight again st all the injustice the government is doing to them. Wordsworth poem Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, makes the use of the Petrachan sonnet structure and his uplifting language allows him to create a poem that is peaceful and celebratory. Blake had spent the majority of his life in London, and he had seen the change caused by the Industrial Revolution. He did not live in the countryside like Wordsworth, who therefore perhaps had an idealised view of what this entails.Wordsworth had spend most of his life living in the countryside and did not have the close connections with the inhabitants of the city. Wordsworth views the city as a tourist; he is not familiar with the working class conditions. He portrays a snapshot of the beauty of one London morning, where as Blakes closely analysis the citys social problems. He wrote about this because he could not see past the problems of the Londoners and appreciate the simple beauty of the city as William Wordsworth could. He lived too long in London to see the beauty, after a long period of time living there, he saw the beautiful things as normal and could not appreciate them as Wordsworth.The poem, Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, would most likely to be more appealing to readers, as it tells about the nice things about London. It is positive and uplifting and makes the reader come into a positive vibe. The poem gives you the feeling that London is a great city and Wordsworth poem almost makes you think that there is nothing more beautiful than London. It makes you want to go to the same place as Wordsworth did and experience the same thing as he did. Whereas Blake gives you a cold and dark image of London. His poem makes you dispise London and it makes you think that it is an awful place to be, whereas, Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, makes you want to go to London.

Nouns in Spanish and How They Are Used

Nouns in Spanish and How They Are Used Nouns are an essential part of speech in Spanish and English and can be found in most sentences. Definition of ‘Noun’ In English and Spanish, a noun is a word that refers to and names a person, place, thing, concept, entity, or action. By itself, a noun does not indicate any action or indicate how it relates to other words. Grammatically, a noun can serve as the subject of a sentence or the object of a verb or preposition. Nouns can also be described by adjectives or replaced by  pronouns. Similarities and Differences Between Nouns in Spanish and English Nouns function in much the same way in Spanish and English. They typically but not necessarily come before a verb and relate to other parts of speech in similar ways. They can be singular or plural. But there are at least three major differences: Spanish nouns have gender. Nouns listed as such in dictionaries are either masculine or feminine. The designation is often arbitrary - some words associated with males are feminine, and a word such as persona (person) is feminine whether it refers to males or females. Some words can be masculine or feminine depending on the meaning. The significance of gender is that masculine nouns are accompanied by masculine adjectives, and feminine nouns use feminine adjectives.Complete sentences in Spanish do not need nouns (or even pronouns)  if the meaning remains clear without them, in part because verb conjugation and gendered adjectives give more information about the subject in Spanish than they do in English. For example, rather than saying Mi coche es rojo for My car is red (coche is the word for car) you could say merely Es rojo if its clear what youre talking about.In English it is very common for nouns to function as adjectives; such nouns are called attributive nouns. For example, in dog leash, dog is an attributive noun. But with rare exceptions, Spanish connects the descriptive noun to the main noun using a preposition, often de. Thus a dog leash is either correa de perro (literally, leash of dog) or correa para perros (leash for dogs). Types of Spanish Nouns Spanish nouns can be classified in numerous ways; six types are listed below. The categories listed here are not exclusive - most nouns in fact fit into more than one category. And since Spanish and English both come from Indo-European, these categories apply to English as well. Common nouns are the most common type of noun. A common noun refers to things, being or concepts without referring to a specific one of them. For example, humano (human) is a common noun, but Catrina is not, because it refers to a specific human. Other examples of common nouns include ordenador (computer), valle (valley), felicidad (happiness), and grupo (group).Proper nouns refer to a specific thing or being. As in English, Spanish proper nouns are typically capitalized. Examples of proper nouns include Casa Blanca (White House), Enrique (Henry), Panam (Panama), and Torre Eiffel (Eiffel Tower). Some nouns can be either common or proper, depending on the context. For example, Luna is a proper noun when referring to the moon that circles the Earth (note the capitalization), while luna is a common noun when it refers to a planetary satellite in general.Countable nouns refer to entities that can be counted. Examples include casa (house), loma (hill), mà ³vil (cellphone), and nariz (nos e).Uncountable nouns, sometimes called partitive nouns, refer to things that cant be counted, such as concepts. Examples include tristeza (sadness), indignacià ³n (anger), and opulencia (opulence). Many nouns can be countable or uncountable depending on how they are used. For example, leche (milk) is countable when it refers to types of milk but uncountable when referring to quantities. Collective nouns are used to represent a group of individual nouns. Examples of collective nouns include rebaà ±o  (flock),  multitud (multitude), and equipo (team).Abstract nouns refer to qualities or concepts rather than things or beings. Examples include inteligencia (intelligence), miedo (fright), and virtud (virtue). Key Takeaways Nouns in English in Spanish function in sentences in very similar ways and can be classified in the same ways.A key difference between the nouns of the two languages is that Spanish nouns have gender.Pronouns sometimes substitute for nouns, and in Spanish subject nouns are frequently omitted from complete sentences.

House of Lords Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

House of Lords - Essay Example Today, the House's jurisdiction is limited to the hearing of appeals from the lower courts that are technically addressed to the Queen-in-Parliament. By constitutional convention these judges known as Lords of Appeal or Lords of Law hear the appeals. For several years we have heard of the deafening calls for reform and change in the highest court of this land which separates them from the second house of Parliament. The recent calls moved for the removal of the Lords of Appeal from the legislature which received full support and endorsement from the government on March 21, 2005 leading us all to believe that the Constitutional Reform Act, 20052, as a new system will reflect the independence of the judiciary from both the legislature and the executive. According to Thoroton3, the Judicial Committee would continue to exist and to undertake its work for various Commonwealth and overseas and dependent territory jurisdictions4. This has however created a constant stir that allows us to se e how the Lords have fared in the last 25 years in the exercise of their duties and responsibilities which concerns every citizen in the society as a whole. Undeniably, the continuing dissatisfaction over the last 30 years on the performance of the House of Lords, has put into question their credibility and independence. Certain motivational factors that may have affected this change has created furor especially in their capacity to handle cases and effectively carry out their function. We try to entertain these motivational factors as the basis for this study that aims to look into the important aspect of their decision-making. More importantly we will look into the ratio and length of judgment in comparison with their collective judgments rendered that would reflect their capacity to handle a fair trial. Methodology Based on the total number of cases, we used the common method of random sampling to arrive at and identify at least 5 cases per year as a basis from this evaluation from 1975-2000. Theoretical Framework The emergence of the constitutional reform act has set to obtain the government's motivation for the reform act. Clearly it has set to remove the Law Lords' ability to act as both a government minister and a judge. According to the House Common Bill of Rights5, this is motivated in part by concerns that the historical admixture of legislative, judicial, and executive power, may not be in conformance with the requirements of the European Convention on Human Rights. Robertson 1998 has analyzed and branded concentrates on the arguments the Law Lords use in justifying their decisions, and is concerned as much with the legal methodology as with the substance of their decisions. Very close attention is paid to the different approaches and styles of their judicial argument. Munday6 has also explained the certain application of coming to one single realization among 5 judges to arrive at 1 conclusion and gives a lot of room for unfair judgment. Robertson7 has expressed that Law Lords enjoy and fully utilise far more discretion in their judgments than is normally admitted, and that much depends on exactly which judges happen to hear a case. Data Interpretation and Analysis In a convention, it was decided that the office of Senior Law Lord was automatically assumed

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Research Paper Example Twenty years ago synthesis of biopolymers cost more than synthesis of polymers from petroleum. However, rising prices made this sphere more attaractive. Besides, biopolymers may not only substitute traditional polymers but also possess new characteristics (biodegradability, extreme strength, possibility to obtain thin and firm films) (Sample). There are three way of to synthesize biopolymers. The first way is an extraction and modification of natural polymers from plants. The examples of such materials are thermoplastic starch, derivatives of cellulose and rubber. Rubber obtained from the rubber tree Hevea braziliensis is the first known polymer. The second pathway is a polymerization of bio-monomers. Polylactic acid (PLA), polyamides, polyurethanes and polyesters can be obtained using this approach. The third pathway is an extraction of polymers produced by microorganisms. Polyhydroxyalcanoates (so-called PHA family) can be obtained using this approach (Rudin and Choi 528). Microorganisms can also produce monomers or raw materials that can be extracted and polymerized. For example, bioethanol can be produced from the sugarcane starch, wheat or corn through microbial strain and biological fermentation process. Afterward, ethanol is dehydrated over a solid catalyst to ethylene, which is polymerized to polyethylene (Babu, O Connor, and Seeram 6). The production of biopolymers uses the well-known polymerization techniques. For example, polyamides or polyurethanes can be produced using free radical, cationic, olefin metathesis and condensation polymerization. Polylactic acid is obtained from lactic acid by the combination of condensation polymerization and ring opening polymerization or by one of the mentioned techniques separately. Polymers like PHA are synthesized by microorganisms (sometimes genetically modified) and extracted using centrifugation and press

Diwali Essay Example for Free

Diwali Essay Deepavali or Diwali, popularly known as the festival of lights, is a five-day Hindu festival[3] which starts on Dhanteras, celebrated on the thirteenth lunar day of Krishna paksha (dark fortnight) of the Hindu calendar month Ashwin and ends on Bhaubeej, celebrated on second lunar day of Shukla paksha of the Hindu calendar month Kartik. Dhanteras usually falls eighteen days after Dussehra. In the Gregorian calendar, Diwali falls between mid-October and mid-November. Diwali is an official holiday in India,[4] Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad Tobago, Suriname, Malaysia, Singapore and Fiji. For Hindus, Diwali is one of the most important festivals of the year and is celebrated in families by performing traditional activities together in their homes. For Jains, Diwali marks the attainment of moksha or nirvana by Mahavira in 527 BC.[5][6] Arya Samajists, celebrate this day as Death Anniversary of Swami Dayanand Saraswati. They also celebrate this day as Shardiya Nav-Shasyeshti. The name Diwali or Divali is a contraction of deepavali which translates into row of lamps.[7] Diwali involves the lighting of small clay lamps filled with oil to signify the triumph of good over evil.[8] These lamps are kept on during the night and ones house is cleaned, both done in order to make the goddess Lakshmi feel welcome.[9] Firecrackers are burst because it is believed that it drives away evil spirits.[10][11][12] During Diwali, all the celebrants wear new clothes and share sweets and snacks with family members and friends. The festival starts with Dhanteras on which most Indian business communities begin their financial year. The second day of the festival is called the Naraka Chaturdasi. Amavasya, the third day of Diwali, marks the worship of Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth. The fourth day of Diwali is known as Kartika Shudda Padyami. The fifth day is referred to as Yama Dvitiya, and on this day sisters invite their brothers to their homes. Deepavali or Diwali, popularly known as the festival of lights, is a five-day Hindu festival[3] which starts on Dhanteras, celebrated on the thirteenth lunar day of Krishna  paksha (dark fortnight) of the Hindu calendar month Ashwin and ends on Bhaubeej, celebrated on second lunar day of Shukla paksha of the Hindu calendar month Kartik. Dhanteras usually falls eighteen days after Dussehra. In the Gregorian calendar, Diwali falls between mid-October and mid-November. Diwali is an official holiday in India,[4] Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad Tobago, Suriname, Malaysia, Singapore and Fiji. For Hindus, Diwali is one of the most important festivals of the year and is celebrated in families by performing traditional activities together in their homes. For Jains, Diwali marks the attainment of moksha or nirvana by Mahavira in 527 BC.[5][6] Arya Samajists, celebrate this day as Death Anniversary of Swami Dayanand Saraswati. They also celebrate this day as Shardiya Nav-Shasyeshti. The name Diwali or Divali is a contraction of deepavali which translates into row of lamps.[7] Diwali involves the lighting of small clay lamps filled with oil to signify the triumph of good over evil.[8] These lamps are kept on during the night and ones house is cleaned, both done in order to make the goddess Lakshmi feel welcome.[9] Firecrackers are burst because it is believed that it drives away evil spirits.[10][11][12] During Diwali, all the celebrants wear new clothes and share sweets and snacks with family members and friends. The festival starts with Dhanteras on which most Indian business communities begin their financial year. The second day of the festival is called the Naraka Chaturdasi. Amavasya, the third day of Diwali, marks the worship of Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth. The fourth day of Diwali is known as Kartika Shudda Padyami. The fifth day is referred to as Yama Dvitiya, and on this day sisters invite their brothers to their homes. It begins in late Ashvin (between September and October) and ends in early Kartika (between October and November). The days in Ashvin are in the Krishna Paksha (dark fortnight) of that month, while the days in Kartik are in its Shukla Paksha (bright fortnight). The first day is Dhan Teras. The last day is Yama  Dvitiya, which signifies the second day of the light half of Kartika. Each day of Diwali marks one celebration of the six principal stories associated with the festival. Hindus have several significant events associated with Diwali: The return of Rama after 14 years of Vanvas (exile). To welcome his return, diyas (ghee lamps) are lit in total of 14. The killing of Narakasura: Celebrated as Naraka Chaturdashi, one day before Diwali, it commemorates the killing of the evil demon Narakasura, who wreaked havoc. In different versions, either Krishna or Krishnas wife Satyabhama killed Narakasura during the Dwapara yuga. Other events associated with Diwali include: Return of Pandavas after 12 years of Vanvas and one year of agyatavas (living incognito). Diwali being the festival of lights, across India people celebrate it via symbolic diyas or kandils (colourful paper lanterns) as an integral part of Diwali decorations. Diwali celebrations are spread over five days, from Dhanteras to Bhaiduj. In some places like Maharashtra it starts with Vasu Baras. All the days except Diwali are named according to their designation in the Hindu calendar. The days are: 1.Govatsa Dwadashi or Vasu Baras (27 Ashvin or 12 Krishna Paksha Ashvin): Go means cow and vatsa means calf. Dwadashi or Baras means the 12th day. On this day the cow and calf are worshiped. The story associated with this day is that of King Prithu, son of the tyrant King Vena. Due to the ill rule of Vena, there was a terrible famine and earth stopped being fruitful. Prithu chased the earth, who is usually represented as cow, and ‘milked’ her, meaning that he brought prosperity to the land. 2.Dhanatrayodashi or Dhan teras or Dhanwantari Triodasi (28 Ashvin or 13 Krishna Paksha Ashvin): Dhana means wealth and Trayodashi means 13th day. This day falls on the 13th day of the second half of the lunar month. It is considered an auspicious day for buying utensils and gold, hence the name ‘Dhana’. This day is regarded as the Jayanti (Birth Anniversary) of God Dhanvantari, the Physician of Gods, who came out during Samudra manthan, the churning of the great ocean by the gods and the demons. 3.Naraka Chaturdashi (29 Ashvin or 14 Krishna Paksha Ashvin): Chaturdashi is the 14th day This was the day on which the demon Narakasura was killed by Krishna – an incarnation of Vishnu. It signifies the victory of good over evil and light over darkness (Gujarati: Kali Chaudas, Rajasthan : Roop Chaudas). In southern India, this is the actual day of festivities. Hindus wake up before dawn, have a fragrant oil bath and dress in new clothes. They light small lamps all around the house and draw elaborate kolams /rangolis outside their homes. They perform a special puja with offerings to Krishna or Vishnu, as he liberated the world from the demon Narakasura on this day. It is believed that taking a bath before sunrise, when the stars are still visible in the sky is equivalent to taking a bath in the holy Ganges. After the puja, children burst firecrackers heralding the defeat of the demon. As this is a day of rejoicing, many will have very elaborate breakfasts and lunches and meet family and friends. 4.Lakshmi Puja (30 Ashvin or 15 Krishna Paksha Ashvin): Lakshmi Puja marks the most important day of Diwali celebrations in North India. Hindu homes worship Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, and Ganesh, the God of auspicious beginnings also known as the remover of obastacles, and then light deeyas (little clay pots) in the streets and homes to welcome prosperity and well-being. 5.Bali Pratipada and Govardhan Puja (1 Kartika or 1 Shukla Paksha Kartika) : In North India, this day is celebrated as Govardhan Puja, also called Annakoot, and is celebrated as the day Krishna – an incarnation of god Vishnu – defeated Indra and by the lifting of Govardhana hill to save his kinsmen and cattle from rain and floods. For Annakoot, large quantities of food are decorated symbolising the Govardhan hill lifted by Krishna. In Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, it is celebrated as Bali-Pratipada or Bali Padyami. The day commemorates the victory of Vishnu in his dwarf form Vamana over the demon-king Bali, who was pushed into the patala. In Maharashtra, it is called Padava or Nava Diwas (new day). Men present gifts to thei r wives on this day. It is celebrated as the first day of the Vikram Samvat calendar, in Gujarat. 6.Yama Dwitiya or Bhaiduj (also Bhayyaduj, Bhaubeej or Bhayitika) (2 Kartika or 2 Shukla Paksha Kartika): on this day, brothers and sisters meet to express love and affection for each other (Gujarati: Bhai Bij, Bengali: Bhai Phota). It is based on a story when Yama, lord of Death, visited his sister Yami (the river Yamuna). Yami welcomed Yama with an Aarti  and they had a feast together. Yama gave a gift to Yami while leaving as a token of his appreciation. So, the day is also called YAMA DWITIYA. Brothers visit their sisters’ place on this day and usually have a meal there, and also give gifts to their sisters Goddess Lakshmi Puja[edit source] Main article: Lakshmi Puja Diwali marks the end of the harvest season in most of India. Farmers give thanks for the bounty of the year gone by, and pray for a good harvest for the year to come. Traditionally this marked the closing of accounts for businesses dependent on the agrarian cycle, and is the last major celebration before winter. Lakshmi symbolises wealth and prosperity, and her blessings are invoked for a good year ahead. There are two legends that associate the worship of Lakshmi on this day. According to the first legend, on this day, Lakshmi emerged from Kshira Sagar, the Ocean of Milk, during the great churning of the oceans, Samudra manthan. The second legend (more popular in western India) relates to the Vamana avatar of the big three Vishnu, the incarnation he assumed to kill the king Bali. On this day, Vishnu came back to his abode the Vaikuntha; so those who worship Lakshmi receive the benefit of her benevolent mood, and are blessed with mental, physical and material well-being.[13] As per spiritual references, on this day Lakshmi-panchayatan enters the Universe. Vishnu, Indra, Kubera, Gajendra and Lakshmi are elements of this panchayatan (a group of five). The tasks of these elements are: Lakshmi: Divine Energy (Shakti) which provides energy to all the above activities. Vishnu: Happiness (happiness and satisfaction) Kubera: Wealth (generosity; one who shares wealth) Indra: Opulence (satisfaction due to wealth) Gajendra: Carries the wealth Saraswati: Knowledge Diwali is not only celebrated by Hindus; it is somewhat also a Sikh festival as it marks the Bandi Chhor Divas festival. Spiritual significance[edit source] While Diwali is popularly known as the festival of lights, the most significant spiritual meaning behind it is the awareness of the inner light. Central to Hindu mythology is the belief that there is something beyond the physical body and mind which is pure, infinite, and eternal, called the Atman. The celebration of Diwali as the victory of good over evil, refers to the light of higher knowledge dispelling all ignorance, the ignorance that masks ones true nature, not as the body, but as the unchanging, infinite, immanent and transcendent reality. With this awakening comes compassion and the awareness of the oneness of all things (higher knowledge). This brings anand (joy or peace). Just as we celebrate the birth of our physical being, Diwali is the celebration of this Inner Light. While the story behind Diwali and the manner of celebration varies from region to region (festive fireworks, worship, lights, sharing of sweets), the essence is the same – to rejoice in the Inner Light (Atman) or the underlying Reality of all things (Brahman).

Promoting Green Technology Innovation

Promoting Green Technology Innovation The human impact onto the global equilibrium has been proved scientifically in the last years and current catastrophes like in Japan even strengthen the worldwide awareness for the protection of the environment. In our following literature review, we stated the reasons for the present development of green technologies, defined the term GT and pointed out the importance of innovations and their promotion in this sector. To solve the global problem of climate change and resource scarcity, common and individual measures have to be conducted in order to prevent long-term consequences for the world and its people. A major part of this work is dealing with the promotion of electronic mobility (e-Mobility) and how the world community is trying to force the development of this promising technology. Moreover, strengths, weaknesses and opportunities, threats are presented according to this groundbreaking industry which is supposed to change global market conditions sustainably. Key word: Green technology, Innovation, e-Mobility, Sustainability, Electric Vehicles (EVs) The Green Movement The reason for the green movement was a developed industrial society, the crisis in relations between human society and surrounding natural environment. The rapid growth of production, especially in the 1950-1960s was dictated primarily by the interests of economy for profit or political considerations (increasing the power of the states). In basis of the universal race was production for production and consumption for the sake of consumption. The company, regardless of its form of ownership, will always seek profit increasing, paying no attention to external costs (infrastructure, services, damage, destruction and repair) .The gap between the decisions on production, consumption and public expenditure generated at all levels tend to maximize, e.g. the maximum number of individual needs which are satisfied by the maximum number of items. As a result we have endanger human life and health from water, air and soil pollution by industrial and domestic waste, the destruction of many natural resources. The emerging number of effects that threat the ecological balance (greenhouse gases, global climate change, reduction of ozone layer, catastrophic erosion of soils, etc.) The ecological crisis that we face today wrote Murray Bookchin, an American environmentalist ultimately calls into question the ability of the Earth to support the development of life forms. Modern society is literally destroying all the work done by organic evolution.(Bookchin, 1991). Modern society is literally destroying all the work done by organic evolution. The issue of the nuclear weapon and energy gave the immediate impetus to the design and dissemination of the Green movement. The economy growth in 1960s was accompanied by a rapid buildup of nuclear power plants; nuclear programs in leading countries were further strengthened after the oil crisi s in the West region in 1973-1974. These subjects were considered as the sphere of competence of state military and energy policy, and because public opposition to nuclear development is directly facing the population and altruistically minded enthusiasts with the authorities and led to a radicalization of the movement. Those days popular slogan was: Better to be active than radioactive. The impact of nuclear energy and consequences can easily be seen these days: Chernobil in 1986, Fukusima in 2011 and many other incidents. In 1971, in North America the most known environmental organization Green Peace was formed. Originally, it took up the problems of nuclear tests of the USA, but has gradually extended the activity for the whole world and to a wide range, up to protection of biological kinds, waste, etc. The basic tactics of Green Peace is to draw attention of the public and the mighty ones of this world to different questions related to ecological problems. Nowadays, the green market is growing quickly and steadily, even compared to the economic environment market. Since 2008, the world economy shows the signs of the downturn, but green market remarkably grows. Dubai Chamber of commerce and industry organizations indicates that global market for environmental products will double by 2020. That shows vast opportunities for business. Change in mind of the global population In general, every single person in this planet needs to green if they want a better future for the next generations. Eventually, we will run out of carbon based fuels and we need to change to renewable sources. But in reality its just developed countries need and care about green technology and the ones without oil resourses. For example, Afghanistan, Gaiti, Tadzhikistan and about seventeen countries in Africa are experiencing food scarcity. There are revolutions in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. So probably going green its last thing they have in mind right now. But its a huge visible progress in Europe. Big taxes on oil encouraged carmakers to manufacture fuel-efficient vehicles, most of the countries signed KYOTO protocol, agreeing to reduce greenhouse emissions to a certain point, recycling, usage of wind and solar power sources. So any country which wants to reach economical sustainability, is switching to green technologies. European Union or any other state can come up with laws and restrictions, but we have just one atmosphere. So we have to make it economic , so that all people and all nations will have a profitable outcome . Energy is the mother of all markets. These days, many customers looking for a green product and retailers can lose them if they dont care about the environment. Most of them prefer green products from electric or hybrid car to reusable bags in supermarkets.The benefits of green technologies are obvious, especially when it comes to energy: population health, saving and making money, independence of some countries , sustainable economy, less political tensions and suspension of global warming. The term Green Technology has been developed in last 5 years, which describes industries promoting a value of innovations that benefit the environment. There is a time, when panic is an appropriate response.(Eugene Kleiner, 2007). And we reached that time. We are facing catastrophic and irreversible consequences. . Global warming is a problem that is connected to difficult issues such as poverty, economic development and population growth. Hundreds of millions of people around the world are already affected by water shortages, crop failures, and tropical diseases, flooding and extreme weather events-conditions that are probably going to be worse due to the global warming. We need green technology to change the impact on environment. And demand for it grows worldwide. So there are real chances to take a place in a given niche in the case of being engaged in this business right now. It requires a big investment for the companies, but return appears to be high. By switching to GT we will build better future for our children and also its a way to save and make money. Green technology What is green technology? Green technology is aiming at the usage of reusable natural resources for energy production. Target is to develop different ways to produce energy so that natural resources does not deplete. Green technology combines different methods and technologies for continuing evolving new solutions. Main areas for interest in green technology are sustainability, re-use ability, source reduction, innovation and viability. (Green technology 2010). Nowadays almost every company has products those have influences from green technology. Product life cycle, energy consumption, materials and product extermination are in important role when product ecological quantities are evaluated. The economical crisis has decreased temporary energy consumption and travelling. Bad thing is that at the same time investments for developing energy efficiency has decreased. This has negative long term influence of carbon dioxide emissions. (Vesa Laisi Vacon 2010). Fig.1: Capital Costs of Generating Technologies in 2009 Figure 1 shows capital costs of different energy production methods. One of the most important parts of green technology is energy production but there is also another important area of interest. For example construction industry tries to decrease energy consumption of buildings. New building regulations ensures green way to build houses. Also tax policy aims to lower energy consumption. Easy way for normal people to support ecological way to live is to buy products that are manufactured with the methods that have smallest impact on the environment. (Energy information administration 2010). Why is green technology important? All the time more and more consumers, investors and companies are interested in green technology. According to many studies ozone layer has decreased and now people woke up to worry about the future. World population increase force also to search new renewable energy sources because fossil energy sources cant fill future energy need. Fig.2: Clean Technology Figure 2 shows different areas where clean technology has been used. Consumers can reduce global warming by choosing materials and energy sources those have manufactured by green ways. (Clean Edge 2011). Capital investments for green technology have increased in first quarter of this year over 65%. (Dudley 2010). U.S.A is the biggest investor to clean technology. European countries have very positive attitude about green technology but investments are not so big. China is also a big factor when we are talking in clean technology. China has lot of old industry and pollutions are huge. Reasons why interest of green technology has increased so dramatically is the knowledge that fossil energy sources are running out and climate change. Fossil energy sources are very important for industrialized countries. In Finland nuclear power, waterpower and bio fuel are common energy production methods. Future energy questions are big and it is possible that those problems cant be resolved only with renewable energy sources. One main thing is to increase energy efficiency and this is segment where the smallest clean technology companies want offer solution. Improving energy efficiency helps to decre ase expenses because natural resources will be used less. (Linnainmaa 2007). Research has developed from innovative visions to serious business. Now green technology is many directors agenda in multinational companies and small innovative companies those main target is growth. Nowadays, it is lot of easier to get risk investment support and that help small innovative companies implement their strategy efficiently. Who uses green technology? Interest groups and target groups Green technology end users are consumers and industry companies. Consumers can use green technology for example house heating systems. Solar panels have been developed to potential option for summer cottage energy source. Solar panels manufacturing costs has decreased and that is big factor that help consumers to choose that option. Also use of ground heat systems has increased. One big negative issue about this option is expensive investments costs. Some countries support consumers to choose this heating system. Consumers can pay fewer taxes if they invest in this technology. Fig.3: Green is the next wave in flat panel displays Figure 3 shows how green technology has increased in flat displays. After year 2014 all displays contains energy saving functions and components are manufactured by green technologies. In 2008 most of developing work has been done and after that use of those methods has increased dramatically. Nowadays it is easy for consumer to choose products that were manufactured with green technology. Many products give information about to manufacturing method in their label. e.g. every food has mark in the label if it has been manufactured in a natural way. Industry uses green technology for example energy sources. Also choosing raw materials those have manufactured with green technology help to decrease pollutions. The development of better filters has decreased pollution in industry. One negative issue is that filters are very expensive and make competition situation unfair between e.g European and Chinese companies those dont often use that king of filters because there is not so strict legislation. Green Technology as Part of Sustainable Development Green Technology describes any application of science, knowledge or technology towards improving the relationship between human technology involvement and the impact this has on the environment and natural resources. Green technology is a category, in that it can cover many different parts of technology and human development (energy, computer and agriculture). Environmental technology is the conservation of the environmental sciences, and to decrease the negative impacts of human acts. (Green Technology 2010) Its main goals are: Sustainability Creating products that can be re-used. Change the patterns of production and consumption for reducing the waste. Developing alternatives in order to improve health and environment. Environmental degradation is worsened by extensive use of environmentally hazardous mass production technologies and use of fossil sources of energy which emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere contributing to the greenhouse effect and pollution. Only a thorough reassessment and reorganization of global development, when a central role would be given to mass transition to green technologies and intensive rather than extensive consumption, could guarantee optimistic prospects for future generations. Enterprise needs reciprocal commitment of all countries to contribute to the solving of global environmental problems according to their capacities, which could be increased through exchange of knowledge and green technologies among the countries. Green technology is a method or practical application of knowledge from environmental science to conserve the natural environment and resources, and to alleviate the negative impacts of human activity. It is called to contribute to sustainable development. It is for sure that usage of oil, gas, and coal as main sources of energy undermines the ability of future generations to use these finite sources of energy. (IPU 2009). Among traditional types of environmentally friendly renewable sources of energy, there are other technologies which contribute to global green energy balance: Biofuel: Obtained from lifeless or living biological material. It is similar to fossil fuels, which are produced from biological material. Ethanol: Esay to manufacture and process and can be made from common agricultural feedstock such as corn, potato, sugar cane etc. Anaerobic digestion: Various processes in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material without oxygen and is widely used to treat wastewater. It is commonly used as a renewable energy source because the process produces a methane and carbon dioxide rich biogas suitable for energy production helping replace fossil fuels. The ability to pursue an environmentally friendly shift to green technology and intensive consumption is being procrastinated by the latest 2009 world financial crisis. It greatly undermined the perspectives of long-term sustainable development. It has put the economic issues on top of the world agenda at the expense of other unresolved urgent problems of the modern globalized era. The fact is that the worst problems are highly conspicuous in poor and developing countries whose dramatic population growth makes it harder for the government to preserve states manageability, not even mentioning their weak incentives to address such abstract long-term issues like global warming. (UN 1992). In order to give a better understanding of ecological sustainable development, examples of two Asian countries are being stated below: South Korea South Korea announced a green action plan and laid out a budget of $84 billion to support it, which will help cut car emissions and improve the energy efficiency of buildings and houses. This is expected to make the country a green nation in the recent years. The aim is to become one of the worlds 7th most competitive country in 10 years in terms of energy efficiency and ability to adapt to climate change, according to a presidential statement. The country also plans to create 1.81 million new jobs. Kwon Tae Shin, said that reducing greenhouse gas emissions initiative will serve as a growth engine to drive the country to greater times. South Korean government will develop international markets for LEDs, solar cells and hybrid cars. CO2 emissions will also from part of the new strategy and will be implemented next year, said official sources. India Major industrial private sector firms formed an Alliance for Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE ), This alliance pretend to save 2,000 MW of energy by next year by promoting energy efficiency measures in homes and businesses. Also, India will form a National Environmental Protection Authority (NEPA) as a part of the country initiatives. Aims to intensify the authority of Indian environmental agencies, improve public information and transparency, demonstrate progress in environmental compliance and enforcement. Also, India has in place an eco-labeling scheme called Ecomark for identification of environmentally-friendly products. The mark is awarded to consumer goods that meet different environmental criterias (encompasses raw material extraction, manufacturing and disposal). (Shukla 2010). IV. Promotion of green technology innovation Climate change has been on an increase and proving to be a monster since the beginning of the 20th century. In the process, it has lead to global warming a; phenomena where high levels of carbon dioxide ratio exceed normal. This has resulted in increasing temperature of the earth ´s surface air and big water masses. During this time, the Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007), reported that the earth surface temperature increased out of proportion and may go further between 1.1 to 6.4 °C in the 21st century, and the finger was pointed at increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, mainly from man-made activities such as deforestation, miss-handling of the eco-system and burning of fossil fuel. For that matter, there is need for an emergency management perspective. In this management, there should be utilities for guidance and management in response to global climate change. There are many risks and vulnerabilities related to global climate change. These utilities should address these risks and vulnerabilities and combine the greens peace and the policy makers while providing a base to accommodate this need. Although this is the idea, the techniques for drawing the policies should not be undermined, since they have a potential of big challenges and disaster. The goal is to enhance policy making at all levels to be equal in order to develop a more consistent approach to combat the challenges of climate change and global warming. ( Schneider 2011). Although tackling the problem of climate change, includes a lot of challenges, there is a way forward; the Kyoto global agreement on climate change (Kyoto protocol) where, these challenges are sought to be handled. This protocol also assesses international proposals forwarded by academics and the international community. Despite its effort, there has been little achieved, yet the main issues have to be addressed. These issues include emission reduction targets for developed countries; the nature and extent of actions to limit emissions quarters of countries and its funding with an aim to reduce it. (Howes 2009). Developed countries have quarters of emission aimed at reducing emissions by 20% by 2020. One of the most positive way is to go green, which requires agility, determination and responsive in innovation. This implies that, the average emissions growth should be 1.5% by 2020. Kyoto also knows that this is an ambitious reform by developed countries despite the support of international community funding to developing country, in order for them to mitigate. (Howes 2009). Global approach Michael Zammit, United Nations climate official agrees that there is a non-consensus agreement between Europe and the USA on archiving the goal of emission reduction as specified by the Kyoto treaty. Instead of individual contribution, USA evading with helping poor countries in emissions reduction were as Europe advocates for the countries responsible for the emissions should be forced to reduce it at home. He also points out that, in this gigantic economic and political change, they should have a limit and control of greenhouse gas emissions in order to fulfil the Kyoto commitments. There for there is need for innovation of green technology. (UNFCCC 1999). Sining C. Cuevas (2011) suggests that, there should be adaptive measures on how to carry out a system that is affected by climate change. He devised a three dimensions model consisting of climate change, eco-system vulnerabilities and risks involved. He identified that climate change occurs in four different nature; intensity, variability, frequency, and quantity. This was all driven by social-economic, bio-physical, technological, and organisation means, were as the risks oriented more on income, diversity, health, mortality rate, and infrastructure risks. Although his findings give an understanding of gears that drive climate change, they are still crude to implement. Support measurements for green technology innovation Some countries are seriously embarking and subsidising green technology. For instance, China announced plans to help the growth of green technology green technology at home. It launched its financial strategy towards the end of 2008 and parting a big portion to green technology and renewable energy. Its aggressiveness in green technology reached its climax in 2009 when it injected a lot of resources to help the 1.3 Billion people with energy. These government subsidies are targeting clean energy vehicles, steel mill, development of solar and wind power in order to help develop the green technology industry. These come in form of reduced price in production which is further transfer cheaply to the consumer. (Leonardo Academy). Marketing and value communication The European Community (EC) together with the European Union (EU) has responsibilities and have obliged with the Kyoto Protocol. They have participated and contributed to the Kyoto Protocol although they sometimes tend to be non-compliant with their obligations. This prompted for a massive investment in innovation in green technology in the European Community (EC); as a result, they reduced their emission by 8% share under their obligations of EU Member States. For this reason, they dismiss the idea of redistributed of burden-sharing agreement since innovative technology, if done right, will cater for the emission-reduction target. (Schiele 2010). An empirical investigation made by Dr. Omid Sabbaghi (2011) on behaviour of Green Exchange-Traded Funds on returns and volatility factor, showed that, market-wide green returns accumulation were more pronounced in the year 2005 up to 2008 and is still promising. The need to go to green technology was still advocated for in the green stock returns. Although this is the case, some of the green technologies still have to improve its cost and the public awareness of it availability and necessity is important. Despite these issues many organisations are embarking on undertaking the idea forward in order to rip the benefits of green technology. Moreover, companies associated in environmental projects are hitting sky high with their stocks. In United States, investment in companies undertaking environmental projects in wind farms, solar parks and bio-fuel plants was $91.9 billion on top of the original $145 billion. The message is getting louder. The presence of more green technology may guarantee more investment. (Invesco Power Shares 2010) Fig. 4: Investment in green technology Green technology comes with additional un-intentional benefits. For instance, while in the design and production process, the material and design is targeted to future recycling; products meet environmental objectives. This in turn reduces the resource cost and the future price for the same product. Not only resource benefits, but also but it stimulate innovation in order to merge the future technology and the current renewable resources consequently there is less damage to the environment. Furthermore green technology attracts economic activity in products and the technology that makes them, beneficial in the global environment. (World Green). Furthermore, Leonidas C. Leonidou (2011), studied the growth of green advertising around the world between the period of 1988-2007. He realised that, the trend was favouring the green advertisements although, his target was regarding consumer goods. This is because green advertisements are more domestic rather than international. Elham Rahbar, Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, (2011) supported his findings when they made a study on determinants of effects on green marketing tools on consumers actual purchase behaviour in Penang (Malaysia). They realised that there was more trust in eco-label and eco-brand by the customers. Furthermore, there was a hug customers perception of this brand; a very big encouragement for green technology. Promoting e-Mobility The global attitude towards the environment and the impact of human being on the global equilibrium is changing. Not only since the subjective impression of an increased amount and strength of natural catastrophes and the current happenings in northern Japan, people all over the world feel that the world population cant go on with its handling of the planet. After the scientific proof of the harmful correlation between carbon dioxide and world climate, industries with huge pollutant emissions have to find ways coping with this problem. One of the biggest sources of pollution is the global car traffic which is responsible for 17% of global CO ² emissions without pollution resulting out of production processes. Additionally, it is expected that this expulsion will increase in developing countries from 30% in 2006 up to 45% in 2030. (UNEP 2009) But not only because of this reason its important to re-think the car industry. External factors which have significant influence on the branch endanger the former success of global car manufacturers today and in the future. The problem of rising oil prices, their finite nature and global governmental interference actions force the automotive industry to find new ways of mobility. Therefore, the various global players and even some small start-ups started an incomparable innovation process creating ideas for a new era of automobile. Out of numerous concepts including gas, biofuel, hydrogen and electricity, the power train with electrical energy delivered best results regarding practicability, efficiency and sustainability. Using this technology, there evolved several new innovators next to established corporations and introduced the first electrical cars on regional markets. The US based company Tesla Motors was one of them having the idea to interconnect hundreds of laptop batteries in their Tesla Roadster in order to assure a range of over one hundred kilometers. In order to get rid of the dependency of oil, countries all over the world started national investment plans in this field with extensive subsidy policies spreading from USA over Europe up to China because no one wants to lose the lead in this strategic field. The opportunities are tremendous reshuffling the whole market with an expected total market volume of $80 to $120 billion in North America, Europe and Asia by 2030 provided that electric vehicles (EV) get a share of 5 to 10 percent. (Gao, Wang, Wu 2008: 2). This development can contribute significantly to a reversal of global emission amounts caused by passenger vehicles. Under a no-action scenario and further growth of conventional power trains, the passenger vehicle pollution will increase by over 50 percent until 2030 mainly due to the booming Asian region. Quite contrary to this, there are three possible trends according to McKinsey demonstrated in figure 1: Firstly, a rapid transition towards an electric powered world would decrease emissions by 49 percent. Secondly, the optimization of present engine technology could reduce emissions up to 42 percent. Thirdly, a more balanced mix of technologies could lower emissions by 47 percent (GreenCarCongress 2009). The last scenario is currently the most likely one. Fig.5: Global passenger vehicle CO ² emissions and abatement potential On the way towards wholly emission free engines in vehicles, there are interim solutions using different types of systems as isolated applications: (IEA 2008: 1-4) Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine conventional gasoline engines with a battery component which allows electric drives for a limited speed and range. Therefore, an improved fuel economy especially in stop and go traffic situations is guaranteed. The first mass producer of hybrid cars has been Toyota with its Prius model which is proving technical practicability under daily routine conditions. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are an evolutionary form of HEVs because one can plug them into the electricity grid when the vehicle is parking. The built-in battery has a higher capacity and allows a higher speed maximum using the combustion engine as a range extender. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) using only electric power are the aim of every manufacturer in their research and development. Currently, the biggest problem is hereby the battery technology which is not allowing wide ranges. The Tesla Roadster solved these problems with existent technical components at first. All three types of new concepts are leading the way towards a greener future. Both hybrid cars improve the fuel efficiency and therefore the demand for oil but the biggest problem is still the purchase price which is still so high because the battery costs contribute much. Figure 6 shows the comparison between a combustion engine and an electric power train using different categories. Although the price per mile is lower by more than 20 percent, problems occur in range and the recharging. Moreover, the power is switching away from the OPEC cartel towards utility companies providing the energy for the age of eMobility. Fig.6: Electric vs. Gasoline Taking the environmental impact into account, electric drivetrains are not equivalent to zero emissions and environmental friendliness. To measure this, the well-to-wheel consideration has been developed including also the emissions generated by producing the fuel. For EV this means considering the pollution produced when generating the electric power in plants. (Hensley, Knupfer, Pinner 2009: 93). In countries like Germany, China and the United States this will often be coal whereas Denmark and Northern California could use wind power which is oftentimes not used during low demand times like at night when EVs are normally charged. Due to a test of BMW with its Mini EV, 98 percent of the test customers using this vehicle want to have renewable energy sources produced by solar, water and wind. (Seiwert [2] 2010: 2). Another important aspect