A Lustful Seduction in To His Coy Mistress :: essays research papers

subjugation most commonly refers to the use of sexual desire in order to persuade an heading of affection to change their behavior and meet the desire of their seducer. Andrew Marvells ever so passionate poem, To His Coy Mistress, entirely implies the motive to bed a young lady (531). The question raised however, is just what is the locating of the speaker towards his sporting lady? Is he acting out of beloved or lust? And who and so is the narrator? Could it possibly be Andrew Marvell or an imaginary type that readers crumb be swept away into the magical enchantment of his lyrical poetry?The first off indication as to who the narrator may be is in the title. The title is To Coy His Mistress, not To Coy My Mistress. For in that case, the word my in the title would outline that Marvell was writing a personal piece, and as it is known, it is not. Perhaps it was Marvells intent to satisfy readers by creating an immortal imaginary lover as the protagonist. Therefore, entirelyo wing readers to be in awe of his magnificent langu age and take pleasure in the intentions behind it (531). But just what are those intentions?Is this dominant males intention toward the mistress out of love or lust? What the narrator does distinctly portray to the audience is that this is a straight forward poem. The male says that, if immortal, he would with pleasure overleap alone the time on heavens and earth lawsuit his mistress. But, time is not immortal and nor are they, that he suggest she willingly give herself to him and occupy his seize the day urgency (531). Using clever literary devices and enchanting imagery the scene is set for him to go forth with his seduction. The persuasive seduction begins in the narrators high remarks of his mistress,An hundred years should go to praiseThine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze, Two hundred to adore each breast, Bust thirty thousand to the rest.An age at least to every part,And the last age should evidence your heart. (13-18)Suc h a whimsically beautiful description, could only be written out of love, shed light on? If he loved her for all of her entirety why would he write the following stanza?For, Lady, you deserve this state,Nor would I love at lower rate. (19-20)It is here that it can begin to be questioned if he truly means all he declares? If he speaks so highly of his mistress why would he not love her at any lower rate and love her for all that she is?A Lustful Seduction in To His Coy Mistress essays research papersSeduction most commonly refers to the use of sexual desire in order to persuade an object of affection to change their behavior and meet the desire of their seducer. Andrew Marvells ever so passionate poem, To His Coy Mistress, entirely implies the motive to bed a young lady (531). The question raised however, is just what is the attitude of the speaker towards his mistress? Is he acting out of love or lust? And who indeed is the narrator? Could it possibly be Andrew Marvell or an ima ginary character that readers can be swept away into the magical enchantment of his lyrical poetry?The foremost indication as to who the narrator may be is in the title. The title is To Coy His Mistress, not To Coy My Mistress. For in that case, the word my in the title would portray that Marvell was writing a personal piece, and as it is known, it is not. Perhaps it was Marvells intent to satisfy readers by creating an immortal imaginary lover as the protagonist. Therefore, allowing readers to be in awe of his magnificent language and take pleasure in the intentions behind it (531). But just what are those intentions?Is this dominant males intention toward the mistress out of love or lust? What the narrator does clearly portray to the audience is that this is a straight forward poem. The male says that, if immortal, he would with pleasure spend all the time on heavens and earth wooing his mistress. But, time is not immortal and nor are they, that he suggest she willingly give herse lf to him and fulfill his seize the day urgency (531). Using clever literary devices and enchanting imagery the scene is set for him to go forth with his seduction. The persuasive seduction begins in the narrators high remarks of his mistress,An hundred years should go to praiseThine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze, Two hundred to adore each breast, Bust thirty thousand to the rest.An age at least to every part,And the last age should show your heart. (13-18)Such a whimsically beautiful description, could only be written out of love, correct? If he loved her for all of her entirety why would he write the following stanza?For, Lady, you deserve this state,Nor would I love at lower rate. (19-20)It is here that it can begin to be questioned if he truly means all he declares? If he speaks so highly of his mistress why would he not love her at any lower rate and love her for all that she is?

Internet Censorship Essay - Internet Needs a Dot Kids Domain :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Internet Needs a dot Kids Domain   The Dot Kids Implementation and Efficiency Act of 2002 proposes the creation of a second level domain within this Countrys United States Top Level Domain that sets aside an insure on the Internet and World Wide Web for training that is suitable for minor children of age 12 and younger.   Various pro-family groups fully endorse and support this initiative. For example, those at the National Law Center for Children and Families can wholeheartedly say that such a domain is needed, would be a welcome solace to pargonnts and educators who care close to the best interests of our children and grandchildren, and is a constitutionally viable program for our Government to provide.   There are those who will complain that Congress and our Government should not create domains at all, but Congress and the United States Government created the Internet and have a stake in its development and usefulness, including to children, who are our most dep endent citizens. Whether management of a .kids.us sub-domain is beyond direct agency control or whether what is suitable is left to the discretion and best judgment of those entrusted with management of the United States domain and the Dot Kids subdomain are not serious problems.   The Dot Kids domain would not be a public forum, but rather a proprietary and gratuitous public armed service of the Government. The courts should not consider it a justiciable issue for challengers to claim vagueness or access rights to this domain or its operation. A Dot Kids domain should be free from discriminative review and immune from outside demands, much like the Library of Congress and the Smithsonian Institution have the right to manage their own collections and decide what content and link up to place on their own Websites, as well as every other Federal agency.   If the U.S. Park Service decides to create a playground for children below 13 and exclude older kids and adults, they should be able to do so, and if Congress will create an online safe-haven for kids under 13 to find suitable, age appropriate information and entertainment, it should be able to do so.

Ambient Music And The Impulse Towards Deconstruction :: essays research papers

Out of Light cometh Darkness, dark ambient music and the impulse towards deconstruction 2000 Daniel du Prie1. These recordings whitethorn be seen as a notation of our deadminded society, but not as a reaction against it, we will all become ambient dead heads, if not... (Archon Satani, In Shelter, liner note, 1994)If not, then ellipsis. The conditional clause of fact, followed by an open-ended ellipsis, where not only the conjunction between a conditional present and an effected next (then...), but the whole of future time itself is omitted is a good way to immerse oneself in a description towards a functional definition of a difficult form of a popular underground music (I write popular because it is, in critical terms, usually excluded from the domain of high culture, or hard music, being more aligned with other popular underground genres, eg, industrial, death metal), that would seem to defy the very notion of popularity a priori I write of questionable dark ambient music. 2 . Your attention is drawn to a notation of the future as ellipsis, as a potent form of signifying a coming-into-being that is never-yet, and may well up never be, as a danger The future can only be anticipated in the form of an absolute danger. It is that which breaks absolutely with the constituted northward and only be proclaimed, presented, as a sort of monstrosity (Derrida, 1974 3).This ellipsis of the future, signifying danger (becoming, in Archon Satanis space, dead headed), also dislodges the comfort of the present, and of presence of the representing object, and its notification to the object represented, of the sign versus its referent. Hence the need for a notation, obtuse of signifying directives, not yet as a denotation and decoding, full of revealed meaning, of a certain character of society but only of the function of recording qua art in reality, over and against symbolised reality, and even without any metaphysical reality. Archon Satani refuse permission for the ir recordings (not yet historicised as music, nor art) to be seen and hence, to be read as a reaction qua art against society we will all become ambient dead heads...3. In refusing music, and art, and reaction as historically revealed, politics are also seen to be refused. The future is one where the listener-subject will become as dead as the given inanimacy of the purlieu that surrounds her. Fundamentally psychoanalytic desires those hinged upon death and sex may be in nuance in such a statement.

Comparig To Kill A Mocingbird And The Man Without A Face :: essays research papers

Courage is a valuable and rare attribute in people today. In harper Lees novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, courage is shown by a reclusive character addressd Arthur "Boo" Radley. In Mel Gibsons movie, The Man With out(a) a Face, courage is shown by Justin McLoud. Due to the stately actions of others, one can discover the true meaning of courage.     In To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Arthur Radley is a person who has not left over(p) his house for many years. Because of this, the townspeople have made up many rumors about him, most of which are not true. These rumors added to him not wanting to come out in public. His neighbors, Jem and Scout Finch, are the only ones who try to communicate with him, and he gives them gifts. Arthur Radley shows courage later on in the book, when the two children are attacked by bottle cork Ewell. Arthur Radley, a person who lived inside for years, ran outside with a kitchen knife to save his only friends. He proceeds to help Jem home, and in doing so reveals himself to even more people. If Jem and Scout had not been friendly to him, Arthur Radley probably would not have come out of his home.      In The Man Without A Face directed by Mel Gibson, a hideously scarred former teacher named Justin McLoud lives in solitude on a large estate, like Arthur Radley. Also like Arthur, Justin has not made tint with anyone for seven years. One day, a struggling student named Charles Norstad come to Justins house to be tutored. Over the summer, the two become friends. Because of Charles, Justin has the courage to teach again, and tries to clear his name of charges made against him. Like Arthur Radley, the friendship of a child gave Justin courage.     Like Justin and Arthur, a child younger than me gave me help dealing with a problem. My younger sister was listening to me tell my older brother about a person older than me who was bothering me and my friends. She turne d to me and said, Well, why dont you tell him to stop bothering you or he provide get in trouble? But you gotta make it sound scary So, I told this person that if he didnt stop bothering me, he will get in trouble with my brother.

Taiwan :: History

TaiwanFor centuries, Taiwan has been ruled by alien regimes. Modern Taiwanese history is a chronicle of the Taiwanese struggles against oppression and advertise for independent survival. Since 1945, Taiwan under the Kuomintang (KMT) regime has been subject to the threat of Chinas invasion. Even though recently the tensions across the Straits of Taiwan has loosened gradually, to Taiwanese, the unification policy stressed by both the KMT regime and the Chinese government still poses a grave danger of a forced and forcible merger with China. On August 31, 1993, the Peoples Republic of China issued a document titled, The Taiwan Question and the Reunification of China. Circulating in seven languages, this diplomatic white paper manifested its jailed and ambition of annexing Taiwan through its distortion of history, misconstruction of international law and treaties, and disregard for the will and welfare of the Taiwanese. Though less dogmatic and more pragmatic than before, the KMTs res ponse remains ambiguous and problematic the KMT still insists that the Communist regime cannot legitimately represent China, while emphasizing its own capability of resolving this Chinese problem eventually. Under such circumstances, we think it necessary to explicate our point of view from the perspective of the Taiwanese. China released a paper that states that Peaceful Unification and atomic number 53 Country, Two Systems are the basic principles of its Taiwan policy. The paper lists four guidelines one China, coexistence of two systems, extensive autonomy, and peaceful negotiation. China warns that the Taiwan question is a rigorously domestic issue and thus to be solved under the premise of One China. It further pronounces that peaceful unification is a fixed policy of the Chinese government. However, this government will reserve the right to take all action necessary, including military action, to protect its territorial integrity and governing authority. As a seam directed a t foreign states, the paper delivers its intention to keep out foreign intervention. The Chinese government is not obliged to any foreign sylvan and makes no promise whatsoever. In our opinion, the Chinese assumption and interpretation of the Taiwan issue are extremely absurd. Taiwan by no means is a part of the Peoples Republic of China, whether from the perspective of history, international law, or reality. This being the case, what position does the PRC have to formulate the peaceful unification, one China policy which aims at devouring Taiwan? Chinas chauvinistic ambitions are clearly manifested in light of this.

Taiwan :: History

TaiwanFor centuries, Taiwan has been ruled by alien regimes. Modern Taiwanese history is a chronicle of the Taiwanese struggles against oppression and fight for independent survival. Since 1945, Taiwan under the Kuomintang (KMT) regime has been subject to the threat of chinawares invasion. Even though recently the tensions across the Straits of Taiwan has loosened gradually, to Taiwanese, the unification policy stressed by both the KMT regime and the Chinese organisation still poses a grave risk of exposure of a forced and forcible merger with China. On August 31, 1993, the Peoples Republic of China issued a document titled, The Taiwan Question and the Reunification of China. Circulating in seven languages, this diplomatic white paper manifested its intent and ambition of annexing Taiwan through its distortion of history, misconstruction of international law and treaties, and disregard for the will and offbeat of the Taiwanese. Though less dogmatic and more pragmatic than befor e, the KMTs response remains ambiguous and problematic the KMT still insists that the Communist regime cannot legitimately represent China, maculation emphasizing its own capability of resolving this Chinese problem eventually. Under such circumstances, we think it necessary to explicate our point of view from the perspective of the Taiwanese. China released a paper that states that Peaceful Unification and One Country, Two Systems are the basic principles of its Taiwan policy. The paper lists four guidelines one China, coexistence of two systems, extensive autonomy, and quiet negotiation. China warns that the Taiwan question is a purely domestic issue and thus to be solved under the premise of One China. It further pronounces that dispassionate unification is a fixed policy of the Chinese government. However, this government will reserve the right to take all action necessary, including military action, to protect its territorial reserve integrity and governing authority. As a n ote directed at foreign states, the paper delivers its intention to keep out foreign intervention. The Chinese government is not obliged to any foreign country and makes no promise whatsoever. In our opinion, the Chinese assumption and interpretation of the Taiwan issue are highly absurd. Taiwan by no means is a part of the Peoples Republic of China, whether from the perspective of history, international law, or reality. This being the case, what position does the PRC have to organize the peaceful unification, one China policy which aims at devouring Taiwan? Chinas chauvinistic ambitions are clearly manifested in light of this.

Microprocessor and Interfacing

UNIT II- Peripherals and Interfacing PIO 8255 The parallel introduce symptom- getup manner chip 8255 is also called as programmable peripheral stimulant-output look. The Intels 8255 is designed for use with Intels 8-bit, 16-bit and gamyer capability microprocessors. It has 24 input/output lines which may be individually programmed in twain assemblys of twelve lines each, or three groups of eight lines. The deuce groups of I/O descents argon named as aggroup A and sort B. Each of these two groups contains a subgroup of eight I/O lines called as 8-bit port and another subgroup of quad lines or a 4-bit port. and so collection A contains an 8-bit port A along with a 4-bit port. C upper. PIO 8255 The port A lines be determine by symbols PA0-PA7 while the port C lines atomic number 18 identified as PC4-PC7. Similarly, GroupB contains an 8-bit port B, containing lines PB0-PB7 and 4-bit port C with humbleder bits PC0- PC3. The port C upper and port C down(p)er send a way be used in combination as an 8-bitport C. Both the port C are assigned the very(prenominal) address. Thus one may have any three 8-bit I/O ports or two 8-bit and two 4-bit ports from 8255. All of these ports can function independently either as input or as output ports.This can be achieved by programming the bits of an internal account of 8255 called as assert word register ( CWR ). PIO 8255 The internal block diagram and the pin configuration of 8255 are shown in fig. The 8-bit information jalopy buffer is incorporateled by the learn/write have got logic. The read/write give logic manages all of the internal and external transfers of twain info and control words. RD, WR, A1, A0 and RESET are the inputs provided by the microprocessor to the READ/ WRITE control logic of 8255. The 8-bit, 3-state bidirectional buffer is used to interface the 8255 internal info mountain with the external system data bus.PIO 8255 This buffer receives or transmits data upon the sla ying of input or output instructions by the microprocessor. The control words or status information is also transferred through the buffer. The signal description of 8255 are briefly presented as follows PA7-PA0 These are eight port A lines that acts as either latched output or buffered input lines depending upon the control word wonky into the control word register. PC7-PC4 Upper nibble of port C lines. They may act as either output latches or input buffers lines. PIO 8255 This port also can be used for generation of handshake lines in room 1 or mode 2. PC3-PC0 These are the lower port C lines, other expound are the same as PC7-PC4 lines. PB0-PB7 These are the eight port B lines which are used as latched output lines or buffered input lines in the same way as port A. RD This is the input line driven by the microprocessor and should be low to indicate read exercise to 8255. WR This is an input line driven by the microprocessor. A low on this line indicates write o peration. PIO 8255 CS This is a chip select line.If this line goes low, it enables the 8255 to respond to RD and WR signals, otherwise RD and WR signal are neglected. A1-A0 These are the address input lines and are driven by the microprocessor. These lines A1-A0 with RD, WR and CS from the following operations for 8255. These address lines are used for addressing any one of the four registers, i. e. three ports and a control word register as given in table below. In case of 8086 systems, if the 8255 is to be interfaced with lower order data bus, the A0 and A1 pins of 8255 are connected with A1 and A2 respectively.RD 0 0 0 0 RD 1 1 1 1 RD X 1 WR 1 1 1 1 WR 0 0 0 0 WR X 1 CS 0 0 0 0 CS 0 0 0 0 CS 1 0 A1 0 0 1 1 A1 0 0 1 1 A1 X X A0 0 1 0 1 A0 0 1 0 1 A0 X X gossip (Read) cycle porthole A to info bus Port B to Data bus Port C to Data bus CWR to Data bus Output (Write) cycle Data bus to Port A Data bus to Port B Data bus to Port C Data bus to CWR Function Data bus tristated Data bus tristated mince Word Register PIO 8255. D0-D7 These are the data bus lines those carry data or control word to/from the microprocessor. RESET A logic senior high school on this line clears the control word register of 8255.All ports are note as input ports by default after determine. barricade plot of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) 1. 2. 3. 4. It has a 40 pins of 4 groups. Data bus buffer Read Write control logic Group A and Group B controls Port A, B and C Data bus buffer This is a tristate bidirectional buffer used to interface the 8255 to system databus. Data is transmitted or received by the buffer on execution of input or output instruction by the CPU. cover word and status information are also transferred through this unit. Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. )Read/Write control logic This unit accepts control signals ( RD, WR ) and also inputs from address bus and issues commands to individual group of control blocks ( Group A, Group B). It has th e following pins. a) CS Chipselect A low on this PIN enables the communication between CPU and 8255. b) RD (Read) A low on this pin enables the CPU to read the data in the ports or the status word through data bus buffer. Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) WR ( Write ) A low on this pin, the CPU can write data on to the ports or on to the control register through the data bus buffer. ) RESET A high on this pin clears the control register and all ports are set to the input mode e) A0 and A1 ( Address pins ) These pins in conjunction with RD and WR pins control the woof of one of the 3 ports. Group A and Group B controls These block receive control from the CPU and issues commands to their respective ports. c) Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) Group A PA and PCU ( PC7 -PC4) Group B PCL ( PC3 PC0) Control word register can only be written into no read operation of the CW register is allowed. a) Port A This has an 8 bit latched/buffered O/P and 8 bit input latch. It can be programmed in 3 modes mode 0, mode 1, mode 2. b) Port B This has an 8 bit latched / buffered O/P and 8 bit input latch. It can be programmed in mode 0, mode1. Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture). c) Port C This has an 8 bit latched input buffer and 8 bit out put latched/buffer. This port can be divided into two 4 bit ports and can be used as control signals for port A and port B. it can be programmed in mode 0. Modes of deed of 8255 (cont.. ) These are two basic modes of operation of 8255.I/O mode and Bit baffle-Reset mode (BSR). In I/O mode, the 8255 ports work as programmable I/O ports, while in BSR mode only port C (PC0-PC7) can be used to set or reset its individual port bits. chthonic the I/O mode of operation, further there are three modes of operation of 8255, so as to support different types of applications, mode 0, mode 1 and mode 2. Modes of effect of 8255 (cont.. ) BSR Mode In this mode any of the 8-bits of port C can be set or rese t depending on D0 of the control word. The bit to be set or reset is selected by bit select flags D3, D2 and D 1 of the CWR as given in table. I/O Modes a) Mode 0 ( Basic I/O mode ) This mode is also called as basic input/output mode. This mode provides simple input and output capabilities using each of the three ports. Data can be simply read from and written to the input and output ports respectively, after appropriate initialisation. D3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 D2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Selected bits of port C D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 BSR Mode CWR Format PA 8 2 5 5 PCU PCL PA6 PA7 PC4 PC7 PC0-PC3 PB PB0 PB7 8 2 5 5 PA PCU PCL PB PA PC PB0 PB7 All Output Port A and Port C acting as O/P. Port B acting as I/PMode 0 Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) 1. The salient features of this mode are as listed below Two 8-bit ports ( port A and port B )and two 4-bit ports (port C upper and lower ) are unattached. The two 4-bit ports can be combinedly used as a third 8-bit port. Any port can be used as an input or output port. Output ports are latched. Input ports are not latched. A maximum of four ports are for sale so that overall 16 I/O configuration are possible. All these modes can be selected by programming a register internal to 8255 known as CWR. 2. 3. 4. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. The control word register has two formats. The first format is valid for I/O modes of operation, i. e. modes 0, mode 1 and mode 2 while the second format is valid for bit set/reset (BSR) mode of operation. These formats are shown in following fig. D7 1 D6 X D5 X D4 X D3 D2 D1 D0 0- Reset 0-for BSR mode Bit select flags D3, D2, D1 are from 000 to 111 for bits PC0 TO PC71- Set I/O Mode Control Word Register Format and BSR Mode Control Word Register Format PA3 PA2 PA1 PA0 RD CS GND A1 A0 PC7 PC6 PC5 PC4 PC0 PC1 PC2 PC3 PB0 PB1 PB2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 PA4 PA5 PA6 PA7 WR Reset D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Vcc PB7 PB6 PB5 PB4 PB3 8255A 8255A Pin Configuration = D0-D7 CS RESET 8255A A0 A1 RD PA0-PA7 PC4-PC7 PC0-PC3 PB0-PB7 Vcc WR GND Signals of 8255 3 Group A control 1 D0-D7 Data bus Buffer 8 bit int data bus 4 Group A Port A(8) PA0-PA7 Group A Port C upper(4) Group B Port C Lower(4) PC7-PC4 PC0-PC3 2 RD WR A0 A1 RESET CS Block Diagram of 8255 READ/ WRITE Control Logic Group B control PB7-PB0 Group B Port B(8) D7 D6 D5 Mode for Port A D4 PA D3 PC U D2 Mode for PB D1 PB D0 PC LMode Set flag 1- active 0- BSR mode Group A 1 Input PC u 0 Output 1 Input PA 0 Output 00 mode 0 Mode 01 mode 1 Select of PA 10 mode 2 Group B PCL PB Mode Select 1 Input 0 Output 1 Input 0 Output 0 mode- 0 1 mode- 1 Control Word Format of 8255 Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) b) Mode 1 ( Strobed input/output mode ) In this mode the handshaking control the input and output action of the specified port. Port C lines PC0-PC2, provide strobe or handshake lines for port B. This group which includes port B and PC0-PC2 is called as group B for Strobed data input/output. Port C lines PC3-PC5 provide strobe lines for port A.This group including port A and PC3-PC5 from group A. Thus port C is utilized for generating handshake signals. The salient features of mode 1 are listed as follows Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) 1. 2. 3. 4. Two groups group A and group B are available for strobed data transfer. Each group contains one 8-bit data I/O port and one 4-bit control/data port. The 8-bit data port can be either used as input and output port. The inputs and outputs both are latched. Out of 8-bit port C, PC0-PC2 are used to generate control signals for port B and PC3-PC5 are used to generate control signals for port A. he lines PC6, PC7 may be used as independent data lines. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) The control signals for both the groups in input and output modes are explained as follows Input control signal definitions (mode 1 ) STB( Strobe input ) If th is lines falls to logic low level, the data available at 8-bit input port is loaded into input latches. IBF ( Input buffer full ) If this signal rises to logic 1, it indicates that data has been loaded into latches, i. e. it works as an acknowledgement. IBF is set by a low on STB and is reset by the rising edge of RD input.Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) INTR ( Interrupt request ) This active high output signal can be used to interrupt the CPU whenever an input device requests the service. INTR is set by a high STB pin and a high at IBF pin. INTE is an internal flag that can be controlled by the bit set/reset mode of either PC4 (INTEA) or PC2(INTEB) as shown in fig. INTR is reset by a travel edge of RD input. Thus an external input device can be request the service of the processor by displace the data on the bus and sending the strobe signal. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. Output control signal definitions (mode 1) OBF (Output buffer full ) This status signal, wh enever falls to low, indicates that CPU has written data to the specified output port. The OBF flip-flop will be set by a rising edge of WR signal and reset by a low going edge at the ACK input. ACK ( Acknowledge input ) ACK signal acts as an acknowledgement to be given by an output device. ACK signal, whenever low, informs the CPU that the data transferred by the CPU to the output device through the port is received by the output device.Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) INTR ( Interrupt request ) Thus an output signal that can be used to interrupt the CPU when an output device acknowledges the data received from the CPU. INTR is set when ACK, OBF and INTE are 1. It is reset by a falling edge on WR input. The INTEA and INTEB flags are controlled by the bit set-reset mode of PC 6and PC2 respectively. 1 0 1 0 Input control signal definitions in Mode 1 1/0 X X X 1 X X X X 1 1 X D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 1 Input 0 Output For PC6 PC7 PA0 PA7 INTEA PC4 PC5 STBA IBFA D7 D6 D5 D4 D 3 D2 D1 D0PB0 PB7 INTEB PC 2 PC1 STBB IBFB PC3 RD PC6 PC7 INTRA I/O PC0 INTR A Mode 1 Control Word Group A I/P RD Mode 1 Control Word Group B I/P STB IBF INTR RD DATA from Peripheral Mode 1 Strobed Input Data Transfer WR OBF INTR ACK Data OP to Port Mode 1 Strobed Data Output Output control signal definitions Mode 1 1 0 1 0 1/0 X X X 1 X X X X 1 0 X D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 1 Input 0 Output For PC4 PC5 PA0 PA7 INTEA PC7 PC6 OBF ACKA D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 PB0 PB7 INTEB PC PC2 1 OBFB ACKB PC3 WR PC4 PC5 PC0 INTRA I/O INTRB Mode 1 Control Word Group AMode 1 Control Word Group B Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) Mode 2 ( Strobed bidirectional I/O ) This mode of operation of 8255 is also called as strobed bidirectional I/O. This mode of operation provides 8255 with an additional features for communicating with a peripheral device on an 8-bit data bus. Handshaking signals are provided to maintain proper data settle and synchronization between the data transmitter and receiver . The interrupt generation and other functions are similar to mode 1. In this mode, 8255 is a bidirectional 8-bit port with handshake signals.The RD and WR signals decide whether the 8255 is going to operate as an input port or output port. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Salient features of Mode 2 of 8255 are listed as follows The atomic number 53 8-bit port in group A is available. The 8-bit port is bidirectional and additionally a 5-bit control port is available. Three I/O lines are available at port C. ( PC2 PC0 ) Inputs and outputs are both latched. The 5-bit control port C (PC3-PC7) is used for generating / accepting handshake signals for the 8-bit data transfer on port A.Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) Control signal definitions in mode 2 INTR (Interrupt request) As in mode 1, this control signal is active high and is used to interrupt the microprocessor to require for transfer of the next data byte to/from it. This signal is used for inpu t ( read ) as well as output ( write ) operations. Control Signals for Output operations OBF ( Output buffer full ) This signal, when falls to low level, indicates that the CPU has written data to port A. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) ACK ( Acknowledge ) This control input, when falls to logic low level, acknowledges that the previous data byte is received by the destination and next byte may be sent by the processor. This signal enables the internal tristate buffers to send the next data byte on port A. INTE1 ( A flag associated with OBF ) This can be controlled by bit set/reset mode with PC6 . Control signals for input operations STB (Strobe input ) A low on this line is used to strobe in the data into the input latches of 8255. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) IBF ( Input buffer full ) When the data is loaded into input buffer, this ignal rises to logic 1. This can be used as an acknowledge that the data has been received by the receiver. The waveforms in fig show the operation in Mode 2 for output as well as input port. Note WR must occur before ACK and STB must be trigger off before RD. WR OBF INTR ACK STB IBF Data bus RD Mode 2 Bidirectional Data Transfer Data from 8085 Data towards 8255 Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) The following fig shows a formal diagram containing an 8-bit bidirectional port, 5-bit control port and the relation of INTR with the control pins. Port B can either be set to Mode 0 or 1 with port A( Group A ) is in Mode 2. Mode 2 is not available for port B. The following fig shows the control word. The INTR goes high only if either IBF, INTE2, STB and RD go high or OBF, INTE1, ACK and WR go high. The port C can be read to know the status of the peripheral device, in terms of the control signals, using the normal I/O instructions. D7 1 D6 1 D5 X D4 X D3 X D2 1/0 D1 1/0 D0 1/0 1/0 mode Port A mode 2 Port B mode 0-mode 0 1- mode 1 PC2 PC0 1 Input 0 Output Port B 1- I/P 0-O/P Mode 2 control word PC3 PA0-PA7 INTR INTE 1 PC7 PC6 OBF ACK STB IBF 3 I/O INTE 2 RD WR PC4 PC5 Mode 2 pins

High Stakes Testing: Education and Technology Essay

In the early 1960s, policymakers began to gather information about the specialise of American education and the effectiveness of mandated programs by examining standardized results. State school boards and legislatures began to use streamlet results as mechanisms of power. They began to add minister rewards and sanctions based on scholars death penalty on mandated tests, making them high s leaves tests. Rewards and sanctions were seen as a way to motivate students, teachers, and schools. Test results in effect became a triggering device to make groovy and bad things happen automatically to individuals and schools.As a result, an educational environment was created where test scores were the sole barometer of school district success (Corbett & Wilson, 1991 Wraga et. al. , 2000 p. 305). Policy makers too began to use standardized test data as indicators of the effectiveness of compensatory programs and curriculum development efforts tried during the 1950s and 1960s (Maduus. 1988 cited in Wraga et. al. , 2000 p. 304). In theory, educational tests atomic number 18 an unobtrusive method of estimating students knowledge. Depending on the circumstances related to the test and test results, this can be true.In some spatial relations, students take standardized exams and the scores atomic number 18 used appropriately however, many educators, thinking of their own experiences in classrooms as students or as teachers, assert that tests influence students and teachers when they perceive that important consequences are committed results (U. S. Congress. OTA. 1992 cited in Wraga et. al. , 2000 p. 305). Due to the initiations of these events, the utilization and expansion of high stakes testing occurred in the field of education and technology. DiscussionAn examination or test is utter to have high stakes attached to it when sanctions or rewards are linked directly to performance. Attaching high stakes to performance on tests, whether public examinations or home(a) assessments, has important consequences. Students, teachers, and curriculum are doctored in many ways curriculum and teaching revolve around the examinations, students and teachers put considerable effort into test preparation, and potential low scorers may be prevented from taking the examination to boost the schools overall performance (Madaus and Greaney 1985 cited in Greany et al. , 1996 p.96). High-stakes tests may in any case affect the validity of measurement through the test corruption and test score pollution that seem to accompany them (Greaney and Kellaghan 1996 cited in Greany et al. , 1996 p. 96). High-stakes testing is now entrenched in U. S. public school due to its adverse impact on many minority students such as Chicano, Mexicans (i. e. , disproportionate rates of high school diploma denial and grade retention). Given the political nature of the standard-based school reform movement, legal claims of adverse impact brought forth by minority plaintiff reckon diff icult to win in the courts (e.g. , as seen in the defeat of plaintiff in the GI Forum case (see Valencia and Bernal, 2000). In light of this political creation of high-stakes resting, reform of such resting will likely only be attainable through the source from which high stakes emanatedthe legislative process itself. Such activities pick up to be pursued with vigor. Critics of high stakes testing need to rally around assessment principles that promote (a) the use of multiple indicators to assess a students progress, and (b) the use of test scores for diagnosis of students strengths and weaknesses.Furthermore, critics of high-stakes testing need to make the case that the standards-based school reform movement is inherently misdirected because it treats the symptoms (i. e. , low academic achievement) rather than the cause (i. e. , inferior schools unequal educational opportunity) of racial/ethnic differences in academic achievement (Valencia, 2002 p. 294) Case studies have also bee n used to examine the effects of high- stakes testing on practice. In a study published in 1991, Smith et al (cited in Hamilton et. al, 2002 p.84) conducted flesh out observations of teachers in two Arizona elementary schools whose students took tests that had significant consequences. During the fall 1987 semester, the authors conducted daylong observations in 29 classrooms. Lessons were also audio- taped. The researchers also observed and recorded staff meetings. In January 1988, they selected a subset of 20 teachers for detailed open- ended interviews covering the validity of the tests, the effects of the tests on teachers, test preparation methods, and the effects of the tests on pupils.Subsequently, six teachers were selected for more colossal observations occurring one, two or three days a week during the spring of that year. In total, the six classes were observed for 81 days. The purpose of the observations was to understand ordinary centering therefore, the observers foc used on what was taught, methods, allocation of time, language and interaction among teachers and pupils, teaching materials, and classroom interruptions.The researchers used a variety of techniques to review and summarize the data and compare the situation in these classrooms to the literature on testing and its effects (Hamilton et. al, 2002 p. 84). Conclusion One might think of a number of ways to modify public examinations to lead information for a national assessment. A public examination used for certification might be expanded to provide adequate curriculum insurance coveragealthough this might have adverse effects on the examination system by, for example, making examinations too long.The emphasis on norm-referencing in public examinations would remain a problem, but it too could possibly be dealt with. As far as the population of interest is concerned, information on students who are too young to take public examinations could be obtained by introducing a public examinati on in the primary years. This would not be cost-effective, however, and the introduction of public examinations at an early microscope stage in the educational process may not be beneficial to students education.These include the use of public examinations primarily for selection the fuss of using them for monitoring standards and their use to drive instruction in a high-stakes context.ReferencesGreany, V. (1996). Monitoring the Learning Outcomes of Education Systems. World Bank Publications. Hamilton etal, L. S. (2002). Making Sense of Test-Based obligation in Education. Rand Corporation. Valencia, R. R. (2002). Chicano School Failure and Success Past, Present, and Future. Routledge. Wraga etal, W. G. (2000). Research Review for School Leaders. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

50 Cent Curtis Jackson Critical Essay

Curtis James Jackson, known worldwide as 50 cen sequence, is one of the most successful rappers of his time. He has produced many hits as a singer, and one of his greatest hits is Many Men. The nervous strown(prenominal) was produced in 2003 in the album, Get Rich or analyze Tryin. 50 Cent wrote Many Men after he was caught in a snap where he was shot nine times from his hand, legs, and his chest. He miraculously survived the shooting. Once vulcanised from the shooting was when 50 Cent decided to write one of the greatest hits of all time that he has ever produced. The metrical composition shows a lot of perception since it was well-nigh the shooting that almost took his life away.He talks about how a lot of people wish death against him when hes act to accomplish and succeed in life as a rapper. The reason why 50 Cent wrote this song was to express himself how he felt about the fact that people wanted him dead and actually tried to take his life away. The song starts off by saw, Many hands, wish death upon me inception in my eye dawg and I cant see Im severe to be what Im destined to be And nigraz trying to take my life away (Jackson). This quote explains the distress in 50 Cents voice by motto these lyrics.This quote essence a lot, 50 Cent lets us know that many people wish he was dead, he also reflects to the night of the shooting with the blood in his eye, and how hes trying to be make sense a rapper and succeed and become famous while people are trying to take his life away. Those bring together of lines shows a lot of where 50 Cent comes from. As a young boy he had a very hard lifestyle, dealing drugs and robberies were part of his occasional routine as he would make a living. Working on music rightfully helped straighten him up as he focused on becoming a name in the rap industry and getting away from the drug business.There were a lot of people that had hate on 50 Cent, which led to the shooting that night and which was meant to take h is life away. The beat to the song goes really well to the flow of the lyrics, and makes the listeners really get zoned in to the song and to what message hes trying to say in it. The chorus talks about people wishing death upon him and how he doesnt blackguard any more(prenominal) and doesnt look up to the sky anymore, and for the lord to have mercy on him. He makes the readers feel the bother he went through and the pain he still goes through being 50 Cent.Being rich and famous like 50 Cent doesnt mean you have everything do for you. Having a substantial amount of fame can sometimes lead to trouble, as we saw with the accident with 50 Cent. In the chorus it says, Many men, many, many, many, many men Wish death pon me Lord I dont cry no more Dont look to the sky no more Have mercy on me Have mercy on my soul Somewhere my heart turned cold (Jackson). By 50 Cent saying this, you can easily comprehend the pain he was in and the damage that will always be there with him, both physic ally and mentally, for the rest of his life.The send-off of the song starts off with 50 Cent and a friend talking to each other. You can then hear a car racing towards them and braking really hard, and then you hear the shots being fired. He does this to reflect back to the shooting. By doing this he lets people know what this song was meant for and why he made it. regularing though it was a horrific scene, he reflects on it to show people what hes all about and how he came back from it. The lyrics for this song come from his bottom of his heart.He expresses himself in a very unique way, something not every rapper can do. The fact that he sings about his life gives the song more meaning to it, especially since it was about him in the brink of losing his life. One of the verses that stand out the most in the song says, Are you illiterate nigga? You cant read between the lines In the rule book it says, what goes around, comes around Almost shot me, three weeks later he got shot do wn today its clear that Im here, for a real reason Cause he got hit like I got hit, except he aint fucking breathing (Jackson).This verse really stands out in this song. He starts off by calling out the guy who shot him saying if hes an illiterate nigga, and then referring to the bible in a very straight forward manner. He then refers to the guy shooting him and how three weeks later he got shot, so thats how the bible line comes to play. He then says how the guy got shot just like he did but the shooter actually died unlike 50 Cent, thats how he knows hes meant to be in this world and things happen for a reason.By referring to the bible in that verse, it shows how 50 Cent is close to God and that he has a relationship with him. He uses another line in his song that refers to God and he says, Every night I talk to god, but he dont say nothing back I know he defend me, but I still stay with my gat. Once again this shows how he has a relationship with God. Mentioning God in a song essential be really special for him. Even though he says how he knows hes being protected by God, the line after that means that he still carries a gun with him.This shows how the incident really got to him to the point where he needs to carry a gun with him to feel safe even though he knows God is protecting him and by his side. Overall the song Many Men in the album Get Rich or Die Trying was an absolute success. 50 Cent expresses his feelings in a very unique way to the people about an incident that almost took his life away. As we may know now, 50 Cent is in this world for a reason. He would always be remembered as one of the greatest rappers of all time and for the name that he made for himself. Like he says in his song, You can call me the Don.

Wireless Lan Security Issues

customer Relationship Management (CRM) is the heart and centre of most businesses and industries in the world today. It is the deciding factor that drives businesses by ensuring that customers are unplowed satisfied enough to keep coming back. Its a discipline that most make-ups construct found increasingly beneficial to invest in. Technology vendors have also seen the return and potential in manufacturing state-of-the-art software solutions that are capable of managing and handling the business processes of most organizations.To remain internationally competitive, theres an urgent need for individuals and businesses to in incarnate the principles of effective customer relationship caution. The major(ip) CRM Vendors are Oracle, SAP and Microsoft. Other CRM technologies also exist that can serve the ever-evolving postulate of organizations but these three solution impartrs are the major ones and they own a fair share of the market. CRM solutions and applications are continuall y evolving to improve the relationship between organizations and their customers.How CRM helps to move on Relationships with Customers Customers needs are constantly evolving and it is no longer news that they are king. CRM solutions exist in a bid to build long-lasting relationships with these customers that all parties would returns from. These solutions are developed with the sole objective of satisfying and exceeding the expectations of customers so that these customers may be retained for a life eon and the practicing organizations can benefit from these relationships.Other major applications of customer relationship management are discussed as follows CRM assists in maximizing the potential value of every customer these benefits are seen in the overall corporate performance and optimal use of selective information within the organization CRM provides a platform for dealing with all customer concerns and issues that are related to the business. CRM Solutions also provide re ports that are useful in developing marketing strategies and plans CRM also provides a platform for evaluating the needs of customers, determining which aspects of the business need improvement, ascertaining the level of frontline service and prioritizing the organizations goals in a bid to retain customers and gain new ones (CRM Landmark, n. d. ). Describe the three CRM technologies used by marketing departments SAP is one of the major technologies used for marketing in most organizations today. The SAP Customer Relationship Management (SAP CRM) software is part of a comprehensive software suite cognize as the SAP Business Suite.It reduces costs and enhances decision-making with a long-term view. The software has features that can support core business functions such as marketing, sales, partner demarcation management, service, interaction center, web channel and business dialogues management (SAP, 2009). Oracles CRM solution is based on information-driven sales, marketing and s ervice. It has an open-standards architecture that can soft be integrated into any existing framework in most organizations.It has the capability to isolate and streamline key business processes, improve the quality of data used for decision making and ensure that key decisions are made by people that have access to the same source of data. Oracle has a robust range of CRM applications that can be deployed in almost any type of location and during any phase of CRM introduction (Oracle, 2009). Microsoft invented a solution know as the Microsoft Dynamics CRM Solution. Microsofts CRM solution focuses on communication as the core aspect of customer relations. It provides a solution that helps to define an effective method of communication and collaboration.It has a platform through which sales, service and marketing staff can share information in a manner that is seamless for the overall benefit of the customer. Through the software, it is possible to establish an overall view of sales trends, buying patterns, consumer behaviour and track the results of customer service on a real time basis. One major advantage that Microsoft CRM holds is its easy integration with existing Microsoft products such as Outlook, SharePoint portal, web browsers, mobile devices and other office applications (Microsoft Corporation, 2009).Describe and differentiate the CRM technologies used by sales departments and customer service departments. Sales and customer service work hand-in-hand. Theres no way to accomplish one without the other. Technologies that focus on sales basically help to automate sales processes without identifying what exactly the customer wants. On the other hand, technologies that focus on CRM help in designing roaring campaigns, building on what the customer wants and how the customer can be successfully retained (CRM Landmark, n. d. ).Most CRM vendors now realize that these two applications work together and have resorted to producing them in a single package. CRM technologies used by sales departments and customer service departments are often similar. Most vendors package these applications in a manner that allows twain departments to fully utilize the CRM software. Conclusion IT plays a major role in the deployment of CRM solutions. It acts as an enabler for ensuring that customers continually have access to what they need and when they need it. It is no enquiry that CRM solutions are a worthwhile investment and are here to stay.For these applications to work, it is necessary to provide people with the right skill sets and training facilities that will ensure that up-to-date technologies are maintained and deployed. In addition, CRM technologies need to be planned and staff must be guided through a comprehensive change management program to ensure a successful deployment. It will be exciting to see what the future holds for these software solutions. References CRM Landmark. (n. d. ). The Differences Between Sales Force Automation and C ustomer Relationship Management.Retrieved April 27, 2009, from CRM Landmark http//www. crmlandmark. com/crmjourney_sfaandcrm. htm Microsoft Corporation. (2009). Microsoft Dynamics CRM. Retrieved April 26, 2009, from Microsoft Corporation http//www. microsoft. com/dynamics/crm/default. mspx Oracle. (2009). Customer Relationship Management. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from Oracle http//www. oracle. com/applications/crm/index. html SAP. (2009). SAP CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from http//www. sap. com/solutions/business-suite/crm/businessbenefits/index. epx

Home Depot Case Essay

1. On the basis of domicile Depots response to environmentalist issues, describe the attributes (power, legitimacy, urgency) of this stakeholder. Using the Reactive Defensive-Accommodative-Proactive Scale in Chapter 2, valuate the companys strategy and performance with environmental and employee stakeholders. In 1990 Home Depot began to work off a basis of environmental principles. People in the community pushed for the company to become more eco-friendly. These principles help to guide a number of different programs to help minimize the companys and shoppers encroachment on the environment.2. As a publicly traded corporation, how can Home Depot justify budgeting so much gold for philanthropy? What areas other than the environment, disaster relief, inexpensive housing, and at-risk youth might be appropriate for strategic philanthropy by Home Depot? Home Depot volunteers many hours to help the needy. They contribute money and help with disaster relief efforts. They also contribute money to charities to help the less fortunate. Home Depot can justify budgeting so much money because they do not see it as a loss. They believe they are placing money back into the local community and back into the economy. These actions build trust with customers and stakeholders.3. Is Home Depots recessionary strategy of eliminating debt and halting growth a wise one? What would you recommend to the CEO? In 2007, Home Depot foresaw an stinting recession coming. This recession made them pull back money from opening new stores. The basis for pulling their money back was to ensure they would be adequate to(p) to pay their bills without having to borrow money from the government. I wouldnt recommend the CEO to do anything because I believe they are doing what they can to be economically responsibly for their stakeholders.

Bank of Canada and Interest Rates Essay

The Bank of Canada has indicated that it has concerns over rising prices being too low. (Parkinson). However, inflation has been rising and the Canadian economy has strengthened over the last several months. Keeping interest place too low over a keen-sighted period of time may have a tendency to over-inflate the economy and create asset bubbles while also creating pockets of greater debt, not dissimilar to those that contributed to the global economic collapse of 2008-2009.Although the Bank of Canada has iterated and reiterated its current neutrality with respect to interest rates, economists predict that current conditions may require the bank to move more promptly than it may like to bump the rates in the next several months. (Parkinson). Canada is currently facing a trapping bubble like that which occurred in the join States, prior to the massive global downturn of 2008-2009. (Altstedter). Home prices have been steadily increasing along with the size of the debt that home owners are taking on in install to afford the increase in housing prices.Earlier this year, the Banks governor, Stephen Poloz, had forward guidance language that cautioned that interest rate wage increases could be in the remove upstage from Bank of Canadas policy statements. (Kawa). Since the removal of the language, inflation has begun to increase and the Canadian Dollar has weakened somewhat. This will contribute to further expansion of the housing bubble in Canada. In order to slow the growth of the housing bubble and prevent or delay its eventual bursting, the Bank of Canada will potential be forced to raise interest rates.Bank of Canada Will Not Alter Interest RatesOne of the reasons Bank of Canadas Governor Stephen Poloz removed forward guidance warning of the potential affect to increase interest rates from the Banks policy statements was to highlight the neutral stance he and the Bank are embracing with respect to interest rates. (Kawa). Poloz said in a September statem ent that he feels that the global economy is performing more often than not as expected and that the housing industry in Canada was strongerthan anticipated. (Isfield). This month, Poloz stated that he feels that the upside and downside inflationary risks are, at this time, balanced and that, as such, there is no need alter interest rates in the foreseeable future assuming the status quo is not disrupted. (Parkinson).The Banks current neutral stance on interest rates, has now been reiterated and strengthened, to such an extent that it is possible, to ultra-neutral. (Isfeld). Because of Polozs ongoing statements with respect to interest rate neutrality, the banks removal of interest rate hike guidance from its policy statements, and the perception that the risks between and inflationary upside and an inflationary downside are perceived by Poloz and the board to be balanced, it is unlikely that interest rates will be changed in the next six to twelve months by the Bank of Canada.Work s CitedAltstedter, Ari. Housing Bubble Will Force Bank of Canada to re-create Rate Hike Warnings Soon, Pimco Says. Financial Post. 1 Oct. 2014. Web. http//business.financialpost.com/2014/10/01/housing-bubble-will-force-bank-of-canada-to-renew-rate-hike-warnings-soon-pimco-says/ Isfeld, Gordon. Bank of Canadas Stephen Poloz Turns Ultra-Neutral On Interest Rates. Financial Post. 3 Sep. 2014. Web. Kawa, Lucas. Say Goodbye To Forward counsellor From The Bank Of Canada. Business In Canada. 14 Oct. 2014. Web. Parkinson, David. Bank of Canada Still Fears Low Inflation Despite Balanced Outlook. The Globe And Mail. 3 Nov. 2014. Web.

4 Step Process to Contract Law Essay

Question a)Step whizzThe principle of law is that for a valid specify to be formed in that respect must be an agreement reached by two parties.Step TwoThere argon three main elements for the formation of a de jure bind contract, intention, agreement and consideration. The requirement that requires discussion here is the existence of an agreement by the parties to enter into a legally backbone contract.An agreement means a consensus on at least those essential limits requisite for a workable transaction. The demonstrate of reaching an agreement is generally analysed as involving an quip and acceptance. Where the offer is a clear indication of the set upon which a person is prepargond to be border, and an acceptance is assenting to, agreeing, or receiving the terms offered.See much Basic Economic problem of Scarcity EssayThe requirements of an offer must be promissory, such as in Placer Development Ltd v Cth (1969) 121 CLR 353 where what the g overnment had said was no t a legally enforceable promise, but had appe bed to be one. It must be sufficiently complete, and intended to result in a contract if accepted.The requirements of an acceptance to exist must be in the very(prenominal) terms of the offer. It wadnot close up be subject to a condition, such as where it was clear that Cameron had not intended to be bound until a formal contract was prepargond and signed, Masters v Cameron (1954) 91 CLR 353. An acceptance must be make while the offer is still in existence. It must be made by a person whom the offer was addressed. If the offer is intended to be made to every person that learns of it then any such person can accept the offer on the stated terms.Carlill v Carbolic Smoke thud Co (1893) 1 QB 256, where Carlill had read an advertisement offering a reward to anyone who caught influenza after purchase the companys smoke ball. Carlill bought the ball and caught influenza, since the offer was made to the world at large it is dependent to be accepted by anyone who learns of it, including Carlill. An acceptance must be made in acceptable form. In the case of emails, it is considered to have been received when it reaches an information system designated by the person to whom the email is addressed via s 13 electronic Transactions (Victoria) Act 2000 and equivalent legislation in other stated and territories.For the process of offer and acceptance to result in agreement, the terms of the offer must be accepted without suggesting changes. For example, in Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd (1949) 1 KB 532 Olley had her furs stolen in the hotel, and there was a notice in the get on notifying that the hotel was not held accountable for stolen goods. This notice was not part of the agreement as it was not in the sign contract and therefore the hotel was made liable.Step ThreeThe review of whether an agreement has been reached between both parties involves find the requirements of an offer and acceptance have been met.Firstly, fo r an offer to exist, it must be intended to result in a contract is accepted. The advertisement made by Games Travel Ltd is not viewed as an offer by the courts because advertisements are not intended to signal a readiness to be bound, but rather an invitation asking customers to advance an offer to buy.Secondly, for the requirements of an acceptance to exist, it must be in the same terms of the offer. If the advertisement were to be seen as an offer, the terms agreed on would be $ gravitational constant for the shreds and tickets to the finals in swimming, archery and gymnastics. Jon barely authorized the payment of $1000 as the terms on the offer expressed. As the terms had changed after he had authorized payments, there were no tickets to the gymnastics, which made the offer invalid.Lastly, for the process of offer and acceptance to result in agreement, the terms of offer must be accepted without suggesting changes. The change from $1000 to $2000 breached this requirement. An attempt to accept an offer on distinguishable terms should have been constructed as a rejection of the original offer and the making of a counter-offer.Step quartetDue to not meeting the requirements of an offer through not being intended to result in a contract if accepted, and not meeting the requirements of an acceptance by not being in the same terms of the offer, there is no legal binding agreement between both parties and Jon is not cause to pay $2000 for the plane tickets as there is no authorization for $2000, rather $1000.Question b)Step OneThe area of law relevant to this question is the review of a table of contents of a contract enforced between two parties.Step TwoThere are particulars to a contract which structure its existence. This includes the immenseness of terms within the contract, the freedom of contract, statements that do not become part of contract, and terms of contract.Within a contract consideration must be made to the creation of the contract. The te rms of the contract define the obligations of the parties. It is by analysing the terms that you can find out what has to be done to discharge those obligations. For example in Cehave NV v Bremer Handelsgesellschaft mbH 1976 QB 44 1975 3 All ER 739, the buyer Cehave did not want to accept the delivered goods because they were not in good condition although they were in satisfactory condition to perform their purpose which was to be used as animal feed.Freedom of contract is the freedom of individuals to bargain among themselves the terms of their own contracts, without external interference. People can negotiate effectively in their own interest and both parties negotiate from a position of liken strength. Limits included on freedom of contract are illegal undertakings not enforceable, such as anything more than minimal regulations and taxes may be seen as infringements. Policy considerations may limit freedom of contract.There are certain statements that do not become part of the contract but are said in negotiations. This includes puffs, opinions and representations. Puffs are statements of exaggerated praise to excite buyers and encourage sales and are without any real or measurable substance. Opinions are statements of personal views or beliefs and should not be relied on as it may be incorrect. If a person misrepresents their true opinion, their statement is treated as a representation. Representations are statements often made to encourage the other party to enter the agreement, without intending that they be contractual promises. For example Oscar Chess Ltd v Williams 1957 1 All ER 325, the car dealer treatd Williams for breach of contract due to the car age instrument being false. The courts decided the document was a mere representation rather than a contractually binding promise.The terms of a contract describe the entire contents of a legally enforceable agreement. legal injury are express when they have actually been declared or definitely stat ed. There are disagreements over whether particular terms have been included in the contract or not. For example Causer v mug 1952 VLR 1 the statement on the docket was not seen as contractual terms as it was only an identifying docket. A term may also be implied into a contract when that term was intended to be part of the contract without being expressly stated or referred to.It can only be implied if it is open that the parties had intended to include the term as part of their agreement. Implied terms must be reasonable and fair, be capable of clear, unambiguous expression and it must not contradict any express terms. In Codelfa building v State Rail Authority of NSW (1982) 149 CLR 337 Codelfa tried to telephone call extra payment for the extra cost incurred due to stopping and starting work overnight. The courts rejected this as there was no such term implied that would see unforeseeable stoppage to work and compensation paid out.A breach of contract that causes mischief gi ves rise to a claim for damages. If sufficiently serious, a breach may justify a claim to damages plus a refusal to accept performance. To evaluate the seriousness of a breach various terms are distinguished and some terms are described as conditions and the others warranties. Conditions are terms of primaeval importance to the agreement, whereas warranties are terms of lesser importance than conditions. In a breach of condition an wound party can terminate contract and/or sue for the damages. Whilst in a breach of warranty the injured party can sue for damages. In Associated Newspapers Ltd v Banks (1951) 83 CLR 322 Bancks, the cartoonist had the right to terminate his contract as the promise to publish Blancks drawings on the front page of the comic parting was a condition term.Step ThreeIdentifying the content of the contract between Jon and Games Travel Pty Ltd shows that there are express terms that exist within the contract. For example, the two tickets for the price of one , and the tickets to the finals in the swimming, archery and gymnastics. These terms are contractual terms and must be carried out as specified by the agreement.The terms sought throughout the contract are categorised as warranties, as they are not terms of fundamental importance. much(prenominal) terms are the swimming tickets, where Jon had received mens event and not the womens. Also, the ticket price was doubled when charged, the initial contract was $1000 which is a warranty term. Terms that are conditional are the actual flight to the Commonwealth Games in India.Breaches of Warranty terms such as the swimming ticket and $2000 charge would be a breach of contract. In such a case, the remedy available for breaching warranties are to claim for damages only. This would include $1000 which Jon was overcharged.Step FourIn conclusion, through analysis of the contents of the contract a breach of warranty has arisen. The remedy of such can include a sue for damages incurred.

Philippine vacation experiences

Its been instead a long time since Ive been here, but unchanging, the feeling never changed. Its still where my heart finds its second hearthst angiotensin-converting enzyme -? the Philippines. We celebrated Christmas very religiously by attending predawn masses called Sambaing Gab eat traditional viands like rice cakes and having a good time with our family. The night mass starts at December 16 and lasts until the day of the Christmas. The church bells and first cockcrow awaken the people of the town to go to church and to beseech for a satisfactionful celebration of the Chrisms birth.This is indeed quite different comparing to celebrating in Italy, which is mostly virtually(predicate) Santa Clause and giving gifts. As it continues to blow on the cold breeze of December, me and my cousins enjoyed caroling in the neighborhood. It is hoping from unmatchable house to another every night and singing Christmas songs. This serves as our bonding together and also, there is this jo y that resides in Our hearts as we sing different Christmas carols. Through this, it sets our mood for some Christmas spirit. Roaming around our place, I noticed that apiece household were adorned with these star-shaped multistoried lanterns which they call parole.They say that s early as November, these were already hanged as a preparation for Christmas. After all the preparations, Niche Buena is still the much-anticipated part after the midnight mass. It is a traditional Christmas Eve feast after returning home from the mass. It was a very special occasion for me because after a couple of years, we will celebrate the Christmas Eve as a whole family. We rarely have this moment, so I will consider this as one of my best Christmas. Truly, everybody gets busy during December but me and my family never let any moment get wasted.We serrated wrack every chance that we get together through outings and exploring the beautiful spots in the place. More than that, I must say that the real e ssence of this season is the giving and sharing among people. It is by these moments that we are reminded that the grapple for each other is still the main center of the celebration. At the end of the day, these seasons are still about family closeness and my vacation in the Philippines is one great reminder that a strong bond among families is what makes each season worth-celebrating. Indeed, it was a cold yet warm vacation because of the love between and among us.

Heart and Cardiac Muscle Essay

What is the aggregate?The nitty-gritty is the organ that supplies livestock and oxygen to all separate of the body. It is about the size of a clenched fist, weighs about 10.5 ounces and is shaped like a cone. The heart is hardened in the chest cavity just posterior to the breastbone, between the lungs and superior to the diaphragm. The heart is surrounded by a fluid filled sac called the pericardium. Blood is pumped away from the heart through arteries and re licks to the heart through veins. The major artery of the body is the aorta and the major veins of the body ar the vena cavae.Chambers of the messageThe heart is divided by a partition or septum into two halves. The halves are in turn divided into chambers. The upper two chambers of the heart are called atria and the lower two chambers are calledventricles. The atria receive blood returning to the heart from the body and the ventricles pump blood from the heart to the body. Valves allow blood to flow in one direction betw een the chambers of the heart.The Heart WallThe heart is self-possessed of cardiac muscular tissue which enable the heart to contract and allow the synchronization of the heart beat. The heart surround is divided into three layers the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.* Epicardium outer protective layer of the heart.* Myocardium muscular middle layer protect of the heart.* Endocardium inner layer of the heart that is continuous with the inner lining of blood* cardiac Conduction* Cardiac conduction is the rate at which the heart conducts electric impulses. Cardiac muscle cells contract spontaneously and are coordinated by nodal tissue, specifically the sinoatrial lymph node. There are other factors that influence heart rate as well. These include endocrine hormones, body temperature and exercise.* Cardiac Cycle* The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that occur when the heart beats. There are two phases of this cycle which are the diastole and systole phases. During the diastole phase, the atria and ventricles are relaxed and blood flows into the atria and ventricles. In the systole phase, the ventricles contract move blood to the rest of the body.A heartbeat is a two-part pumping action that takes about a second. As bloodcollects in the upper chambers (the safe and left over(p) atria), the hearts natural pacemaker (the SA node) sends out an electrical signal that causes the atria to contract. This contraction pushes blood through the tricuspid and mitral valves into the resting lower chambers (the right and left ventricles). This part of the two-part pumping phase (the longer of the two) is called diastole. The second part of the pumping phase begins when the ventricles are full of blood. The electrical signals from the SA node travel along a pathway of cells to the ventricles, causing them to contract. This is called systole.As the tricuspid and mitral valves shut implike to prevent a back flow of blood, the pulmonary and aortic valves a re pushed open. While blood is pushed from the right ventricle into the lungs to pick up oxygen, oxygen-rich blood flows from the left ventricle to the heart and other parts of the body. aft(prenominal) blood moves into the pulmonary artery and the aorta, the ventricles relax, and the pulmonary and aortic valves close. The lower pressure in the ventricles causes the tricuspid and mitral valves to open, and the cycle begins again.This series of contractions is repeated over and over again, increasing during times of exertion and decreasing plot you are at rest. The heart normally beats about 60 to 80 times a minute when you are at rest, but this can vary. As you get older, your resting heart rate rises. Also, it is usually lower in people who are physically fit. Your heart does not work alone, though. Your brain tracks the conditions about youclimate, stress, and level of physical activityand adjusts your cardiovascular system to meet those needs. The human heart is a muscle desi gned to remain strong and reliable for a hundred years or longer. By reduction your risk factors for cardiovascular disease, you may help your heart stay healthy longer.

Aviation’s Most Critical Human Factors Challenges: Past and Present

Human phantasm has been documented as a primary subscriber to more than 70 percent of commercial cinchplane hull-loss accidents. While typically associated with relief valve operations, gay defect has also recently become a major concern in support practices and air craft management 1.Human factorsThe term adult male factors is often considered synonymous with crew resource management (CRM) or maintenance resource management (MRM). Human factors involves gathering information about human abilities, limitations, and other characteristics and applying it to hammers, machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and environments to produce safe, comfortable, and efficient human use 1.Human factor specialists study each factor which can influence on the human activity on the cockpit. The job of an aura psychologist is to squeeze human error during flight. The main and nearly command objective of their work is optimisation of the human-computer interaction. From the one side electronic e quipment should provide the full control of the flight and make easier pilot job. But just one error of board computer may be the cause of the disaster.Therefore crew should be aw are and control all situation along with computer plan to be able correct its mistake. Because of high level of system automation often pilots even do non know what it is doing and why. Despite rapid gains in technology, humans are ultimately responsible for ensuring the winner and safety of the aura industry. They must continue to be knowledgeable, flexible, dedicated, and efficient while exercising good taste 2.Events of aviation human factorsSince the worlds setoff airplane was invented in 1903 by Wilbur and Orville Wright people examine human factors in aviation and tried to make easier pilot work by all known methods. The first sailplaning aid was introduced in the USA in the late 1920s.It was airfield lighting to assist pilots to make landings in poor weather or later dark. The concept of app roach lightning was developed from this in the 1930s, indicating to the pilot the tiptoe of descent to the airfield, which later became adopted internationally through the standards of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).With the open of radio technology, several experimental radio based navigation aids were developed from the late 20s onwards. These were most successfully used in conjunction with instruments in the cockpit in the form of Instrument Landing Systems (ILS), first used by a scheduled flight to make a landing in a snowstorm at Pittsburgh in 1938.A form of ILS was adopted by the ICAO for international use in 1949. next the development of radar in World War II, it was deployed as a landing aid for accomplished aviation in the form of Ground Control Approach (GCA) systems, joined in 1948 by infinite Measuring Equipment (DME), and in the 1950s by airport surveillance radar as an aid to air relations control 3.After numerous air incidents and accidents were also solved (or minimized a danger of) a lot of technical problems like positive lightning, engine failure, metal fatigue, delamination, stalling, fire, bird strike, volcanic ash, etc.Much progress in applying human factors to improving aviation safety was made around the time of World War II by people such as Paul Fitts and Alphonse Chapanis. However, there has been progress in safety passim the history of aviation, such as the development of the pilots checklist in 1937. The ability of the flight crew to continually verify situation awareness is a critical human factor in air safety 3.During WWII, psychologist Norman Mackworth studied performance of radar operations as he watched for German aircrafts to cross the English Channel. He noted the difficulty of attending to the radar operations for more than a few minutes.After WWII, Paul Fitts studied selective attention and how pilots eyes scanned an aircrafts instrumental pattern. He questioned how the brain knows what is i mportant in the environment and how more information can the eye take before moving to another fixation point 4.Decades after WWII, the focus of research was on aircraft flight design, layout of instrument displays, and basic tasks of flying. Flight simulators were invented for pilot training and would forfeit for teaching of skills in a safe environment on ground which would transfer into performance in the real task. In the 1950s jet aircrafts were invented with faster speed and less stability.In the 1970s, the focus was on the mental work load and limits of human attention in performing several tasks at once. Finally, in the 1980s a focus on on-board computer power changed the pilots task from an active pilot to more of a monitoring role 4.To reduce the commercial aviation accident rate modern aircraft companies establish human factors departments. Human factors specialists work virtually with engineers, safety experts, test and training pilots, mechanics, and cabin crews to properly integrate human factors into the design of airplanes. Their areas of responsibility embarrass addressing human factors inFlight deck design. Design for maintainability and in-service support. Error management. Passenger cabin design.Flight deck design should satisfy such validated requirements as client input, appropriate degree of automation, crew interaction capability, communication, navigation and surveillance traffic management. For instance Boeing commercial airplanes propose flight decks which are designed to provide automation to assist, but not replace, the flight crew member responsible for safe operation of the airplane.These systems support instrument displays with visual and tactile motion cues to minimize potential confusion about what functions are automated. Flight crew communication relies on the use of audio, visual, and tactile methods. This includes crewmember-to-airplane, crewmember-to-crewmember, and airplane-to-crewmember communication.Design for ma intainability and in-service support includes chief mechanic participation, computer-based maintainability design tools, and fault information team and customer support processes 1.Boeing has developed human factors tools to help understand why the errors occur and develop suggestions for systematic improvements. The tools are Procedural Event Analysis Tool (PEAT) and Maintenance Error Decision Aid (MEDA). PEAT is an analytic tool created to help the airline industry effectively manage the risks associated with flight crew procedural deviations.MEDA began as an attempt to collect more information about maintenance errors. Three other tools that assist in managing error are Crew information requirements analysis (CIRA), Training aids, and improve use of automation. CIRA provides a way to psychoanalyse how crews acquire, interpret, and integrate data into information upon which to base their actions.The rider cabin represents a significant human factors contest related to both pass engers and cabin crews. Human factors principles usually associated with the flight deck are now universe applied to examine human performance functions and ensure that cabin crews and passengers are able to do what they drive or want to do. Some recent examples illustrate how the passenger cabin can benefit from human factors expertise applied during design.These include automatic over wing exit and other cabin applications. The improved version of the over wing emergency exit opens automatically when activated by a passenger or cabin or flight crew member 1.ConclusionThe list of events in the history of aviation can be endless as the list of events of aviation human factors. However the number of aircraft accidents had not been reduced to zero. Along with legacy achievements should be provide more efficient and modern ones. Therefore aviation industry is an extensive field for specialists of various directions.BibliographyCurt Graeber, Human factor engineering, Boeing commercial airplanes, July, 2005Robert R. Tyler, An interesting career in psychology aviation human factors practitioner, October, 2000Wikipedia (free encyclopedia), 6 July 2005. History of human factors, Human performance training institute, July, 2005

The Return: Midnight Chapter 29

OiDamon sh come out of the closeted from outside the palanquin. Is anybody else steping at this?Elena was. dickens Stefan and f argumentish had their eyeball shut clean was jailed in blankets and cuddled all over against Elena.They had rol ed complicate al the palls of the palanquin except angiotensin converting enzyme. simply Elena had watched through the single window, and had seen how tendrils of fog had begun drifting by, first nevertheless filmy tatters of mist, except hence longer, ful er veils, and lowest y blankets, engulfing them whole. It seemed to her that they were beingness deliberately cut off from even the equivocal Dark Dimension, that they were passing a border into a short letter they werent meant to k at present about, some(prenominal) less enter.How do we know were discharge in the estimable direction?Elena shouted to Damon after Stefan and Bonnie woke. She was glad to be able to talk again.The thurgs know,Damon cal ed backrest. You set them on a line and they walk that line until somebody forbears them, or Or what?Elena yel ed out of the opening.Until we get to a place like this.This was manifestly bait, and neither Stefan nor Elena could resist taking it especial y when the thurg they were riding stopped.Stay here,Elena say to Bonnie. She pushed a curtain out of the way and found herself looking overly far down at white g mea trustworthy. graven image, these thurgs were big. The close scrap, though, Stefan was on the ground holding up his arms.Jumpfannyt you come up and float me?Sorry. Something about this place inhibits Power.Elena didnt fox herself metre to think. She launched into the air and Stefan caught her neatly. Spontaneously, she clung to him, and felt the familiar comfort of his embrace.Then he said, Come look at this.They had reached a place where the land ended and the mist divided, like curtains being held to either side. at once in front of them was a frozen lake. A sil actually frozen lake , almost perfectly round in shape.Lake Mirror?Damon said, cocking his intellect to bingle side.I always thought that was a poove tale,Stefan said. pleasing to Bonnies storybook.Lake Mirror formed a vast body of water in front of them, frozen right into the ice sheet below her feet, or so it seemed.It did look like a reverberate a purse mirror after youd breathed softly on it.solely the thurgs?Elena said or or else whispered. She couldnt help whispering. The silent lake pressed on her, as did the lack of any kind of natural perish There were no birds singing, no rustling in the bushes no bushes nary(prenominal)treesInstead, incisively the mist surround the frozen water.The thurgs,Elena repeated in a slightly louder voice. They cant possibly walk on thatDepends on how inscrutable the lake ice is,Damon said, flashing his old 250-kilowatt smile at her. If its thick enough, itl be just like walk on land for them.And if it isnt?HmmDo thurgs float?Elena gave him an exasperate d glance and looked at Stefan. What do you think?I dont know,he said doubtful y. Theyre very large animals.Lets ask Bonnie about the kids in the fairy tale.Bonnie, Stillwrapped in fur blankets that began col ecting chunks of ice as they dragged on the ground, looked at the lake grimly. The story didnt go into detail,she said. It just said that they went down, down, down, and that they had to pass tests of their courage and and plug-intiness before they got on that point.Fortunately,Damon said, smiling, I ask large enough amounts of both to make up for my brothers entire lack of either Stop it, DamonElena burst out. The moment shed seen the smile, shed turned to Stefan, pul ed him down to her height, and begun kissing him. She knew what Damon would see when he turned back toward them her and Stefan locked in an embrace, Stefan hardly aw be of anything being said. At least they could Stilltouch with their minds. And it was intriguing, Elena thought, Stefans perfervid mouthp iece when everything else in the world was cold. She looked quickly at Bonnie, to make sure she hadnt upset her, only when Bonnie was looking quite cheerful.The farther I seem to drive Damon away, the happier she is, Elena thought. Oh, Godthis is a problem.Stefan spoke up quietly. Bonnie, what it comes down to is that it has to be your choice. Dont try to use courage or wit or anything except your inner feelings. Where do we go?Bonnie glanced back at the thurgs, hence looked at the lake.That way,she said, without hesitation, and she pointed straight across the lake.Wed better carry some of the cooking stones and fuel and backpacks with iron rations in them,Stefan said. That way, if the pound happens, wel Still hand over basic supplies.Besides,said Elena, itl lighten that thurgs load if only(prenominal) by a little.It seemed a crime to ramble a backpack on Bonnie, moreover she insisted. Final y, Elena arranged one fil ed entirely with the warm, particularly light fur clothes . Everyone else was carrying furs, food, and poop the dried animal dung that would from now on be their only fuel.It was difficult from the first. Elena had only had a couple of experiences with ice that she had reason to be wary of unless one of those had almost been disastrous for Matt. She was ready to jump and whirl at any crack any get that the ice was breaking. But there were no cracks no water flowing up to slosh onto her boots.The thurgs were the ones who seemed true(a) y built for walking on frozen water. Their feet were pneumatic, and could spread out to almost half again their original size, avoiding putting too much pressure on any one section of ice. crossbreed the lake was slow, plainly Elena didnt see anything particularly deadly about it. It was simply the smoothest, slickest ice she had ever encountered. Her boots wanted to skate.Hey, everybodyBonnie was skating, exactly as if she were in a rink, backward and forward and sideways. This is funWere non here to have fun,Elena shouted back. She longed to try it herself, but was afraid to make cuts even scuffs in the ice. And beside that, Bonnie was expending double as much energy as she needed to.She was about to cal out to Bonnie and tel her this, when Damon, in a voice of exasperation, made al the points she had thought of, and a few more.This isnt a pleasure cruise,he said shortly. Its for the fate of your town.As if you care,Elena murmured, turning her back on him and touching the unhappy Bonnies hand both to shake off comfort and to get them going at arms length again. Bonnie, do you sense anything magical about the lake?No.But then Bonnies imagination seemed to fly into high gear. But maybe its where the mystics from both dimensions al equanimous to exchange spel s. Or maybe its where they used the ice like a real magic mirror to see faraway places and things.Maybe both of them,Elena said, secretly amused, but Bonnie nodded solemnly.And that was when it came. The sound Elena had been waiting for.Nor was it a distant booming which could be ignored or discussed. They had been walking at arms length from one another(prenominal)(prenominal) to avoid stressing the ice, while the thurgs walked beback(prenominal) them, and to either side like a flock of geese with no leaders.This fray was a dreadful y near crack like the report of a gun. Immediately, it sounded again, like a whiplash, and then a crumbling.It was to Elenas left, on Bonnies side.Skate, Bonnie,she shouted. Skate as fast as you can.Scream if you see land.Bonnie didnt ask a single question. She took off like an Olympic speed skater in front of Elena, and Elena swiftly turned.It was Biratz, the thurg Bonnie had asked Pelat about. She had one monstrous back leg in the ice, and as she struggled, more ice cracked.Stefan Can you hear me?Faintly. Im coming for you.Yes but only come as close as you need to exercise the thurg.Influence the ?Make her calm, put her out, whatever. Shes ripping up the ice and itll just make it harder to get her outThis time there was a pause before Stefans answer came.She knew though, by airheaded echoes, that he was public lecture telepathical y with someone else. All right, love, Ill do it. Ill take care of the thurg, too. You follow Bonnie.He was duplicity. Or, not lying, but keeping something from her.The person hed been sending thoughts to was Damon. They were humoring her. They didnt mean to help at all.Just at that moment she heard a shril scream not so far away. It was Bonnie in trouble no Bonnie had found landElena didnt lose another second. She dumped her backpack on the ice and skated straight back to the thurg.There it was, so huge, so pathetic, so helpless. The very thing that had kept it safe from other Godawful Hel acious monsters in the Dark Dimension its great bulk was now turned against it. Elena felt her chest tighten as if she were wearing a corset.Even as she watched, though, the animal became calmer.She stopped trying to get her left hind leg out of the ice, which meant that she stopped churning up the ice well-nigh it. promptly Biratz was in a sort of crouching position, trying to keep her three dry legs from going under. The problem was that she was trying too hard, and that there was nothing to push against except breakable ice.ElenaStefan was within earshot now. Dont get any closerBut even as he said it, Elena saw a Sign. Just a few feet away, lying on the ice was the tickle-prod that Pelat had used to get the thurgs going.She picked it up as she skated by and then she saw another Sign. Reddish hay and the original covering for the hay a giant tarpaulin were lying puke the thurg. Together they formed a broad wide path that was neither wet nor slick.ElenaThis is going to be easy, StefanElena pul ed a pair of dry socks out of her pocket and drew them up over her boots. She tied the tickle stick to her belt. And then she started the run of her life.Her boots were fur with something like felt under neath and with the socks to aid them, they caught on the tarpaulin and propel ed her forward. She leaned into it, hiddenly wishing Meredith were here, so she could do this instead, but al the time getting closer. And then she saw her mark the end of the tarp and beyond it floating chunks of ice.But the thurg looked climbable. very(prenominal) low in back, like a dinosaur halfway into a tar pit, but then lift up along the curved backbone. If she could just somehow land thereTwo steps til jump-off. single step til jump-off.JUMPElena pushed off with her right foot, flew through the air for an endless time, and hit the water.Instantly, she was soaked from head to foot and the shock of the icy water was unbelievable. It caught hold of her like some monster with a handful of jagged ice shards. It blinded her with her own hair, it squeezed al the sound out of the universe.Somehow, clawing at her face, she freed her mouth and eyes from hair. She realized that she was only slightly belo w the surface of the water, and that was al she needed to push upward until her mouth broke the surface and she could suck in a lungful of delicious air, after which she had a coughing fit. prime(prenominal) time up, she thought, remembering the old superstition that a drowning person wil rise three times and then sink forever.But the strange thing was that she wasnt sinking. There was a dul pain in her thigh but she wasnt going under.Slowly, slowly, she realized what had happened. She had missed the back of the thurg, but landed on its thick reptilian tail. unrivaled of the serrated fins had gashed her, but she was stable.Sonowal I have to do is climb the thurg, she fox out slowly. Everything seemed slow because there were icebergs bobbing around her shoulders.She put up a fur-lined gloved hand and reached for the side by side(p) fin up. The water, while making her soaking clothes heavier, supported some of her weight. She managed to pul herself up to the next fin. And the next. And then here was the rump, and she had to be careful no more footholds. Instead she grabbed for handholds and found something with her left hand. A down in the mouth strap from the hay carrier.Not a good idea in retrospect.For a few proceedings that qualified as among the worst in her life she was showered with hay, pounded with rocks, and smothered in the dust of old dung.When it was final y over she looked around, sneezing and coughing, to find that she was Stillon the thurg. The tickle stick had been broken but enough remained for her to use.Stefan was frantical y asking, both aloud and by telepathy, if she was All right. Bonnie was skating back and forth like a Tinker Bel guide, and Damon was cursing at Bonnie to get back to land and stay there. slowdown Elena was inching up the rump of the thurg. She made it through the crushed supply basket. She final y reached the thurgs summit, and she settled just tramp the domed head, in the seat where a driver would sit.And then she tickled the thurg behind the ears.ElenaStefan shouted, and then Elena, what are you trying to do?I dont knowshe shouted back. Trying to save the thurgYou cant,Damon interrupted Stefans answer in a voice as cold and Stillas the place they were in.She can make itElena said fiercely precisely because she herself was having doubts about whether the animal could. You could help by pul ing on her bridle.Theres no point,Damon shouted, and turned about-face, walking quickly into the mist.Il give it a try. Throw it out in front of her,Stefan said.Elena threw the knotted bridle as hard as she could. Stefan had to run almost to the edge of the ice to grab it before it fel in. Then he held it aloft triumphantly. Got itOkay, pul march on her a direction to start in.Wil doElena tapped Biratz again behind her right ear. There was a faint rumble from the animal and then nothing. Elena could see Stefan straining at the bridle.Come on, Elena said, and slapped sharply with the stick.The thurg lift ed up a giant foot, placed it farther on the ice, and struggled. As soon as she did, Elena smacked hard behind the left ear.This was the crucial moment. If Elena could keep Biratz from crushing al the ice between her back legs, they might have a chance.The thurg tentatively lifted her left hind leg and stretched it until it made contact with the ice.Good, Biratz Now Elena shouted. Now if Biratz would only surge forwardThere was a great upheaval underneath her. For several proceedings Elena thought that perhaps Biratz had broken through the ice with al four legs. Then the thrashing changed to a rocking motion and suddenly, dizzyingly Elena knew that they had won.Easy, now, easy,she cal ed to the animal, great(p) her a gentle tickle with the stick. And slowly, ponderously, Biratz moved forward. Her domed head drooped farther and farther as she went, and she foundered at the edge of a bank of mist, breaking the ice again. But there she only sank a few inches before meeting mud.A few more steps and they were on solid ground. Elena had to suck in her breath to stifle a scream as the thurgs domelike head slumped, giving her a short and scary ride to where the tusks re-curved on themselves. Somehow she slid right between them and had to hastily scuffle off Biratzs trunks.It was pointless, you know, doing that,Damon said from somewhere in the mist beside her. Risking your own life.What d-do you mean p-pointless?Elena demanded. She wasnt frightened she was freezing.The animals are going to die anyway. The next trial is one they cant manage and even if they could, this isnt a place where anything grows. Instead of a quick clean death in the water, theyre going to starve, slowly.Elena didnt answer the only answer she could think of was,why didnt you tel me earlier?She had stopped shivering, which was a good thing, because a moment ago her body had felt as if she might shake herself apart.Clothes, she thought vaguely. That was the problem. It certainly couldnt be as co ld here in the air as it had been in that water. It was her clothes that were making her so cold.She began, with numb fingers, to take them off. First, she unfastened her leather jacket. No zippers here buttons. That was a real problem. Her fingers felt like frozen hot dogs, and only nominal y under her direction. But somehow or other she managed to undo the fastenings and the leather dropped to the ground with a leaden thump it had taken a layer of her inner fur off with it. Ick. The smel of wet fur. Now, now she had to But she couldnt. She couldnt do anything because someone was holding her arms. Burning her arms. Those hands were annoying, but at least she knew who they belonged to. They were firm and very gentle but very strong. Al that added up to Stefan.Slowly, she raised her dripping head to ask Stefan to stop burning her arms.But she couldnt. Because on Stefans body there was Damons head. Now that was funny. Shed seen a lot of things that vampires could do, but not this sw apping heads business.Stefan-Damon please stop,she gasped between hysterical whoops of laughter. It hurts. Its too hotHot? Youre frozen, you mean.The deft, searing hands were rubbing up and down her arms, pushing back her head to rub her cheeks. She let it happen, because it seemed to be only sense that if it was Damons head, they were Stefans hands.Youre cold but youre not shivering?a grim Damon-voice said from somewhere.Yes, so you see I must be warming up.Elena didnt feel very warmed up. She realized that she Stillhad on a longer fur garment, one that reached to her knees under her leather breeches. She fumbled with her belt.Youre not warming up. Youre going into the next stage of hypothermia. And if you dont get dry and warm right now, youre going to die.Not roughly, he tilted her chin up to look into her eyes. Youre delirious now can you understand me, Elena? We need to really get you warm.Warm was a concept as vague and faraway as life before she had met Stefan. But deliriou s she understood. That was not a good thing. What to do about it except laugh?All right. Elena, just wait for a moment. Let me find In a moment he was back. Not quick enough to stop her from unwrapping the fur down to her waist, but back before she could get her camisole off.Here.He stripped off the damp fur and wrapped a warm, dry one around her, over her camisole.After a moment or two she began to shiver.Thats my girl,Damons voice said. It went on Dont fight me, Elena. Im trying to save your life. Thats al . Im not going to try to do anything else. I give you my word.Elena was bewildered. Why should she think that Damon this must be Damon, she decided would want to hurt her?Although he could be a bastard sometimesAnd he was taking off her clothes.No. That shouldnt be happening. in spades not. Especial y since Stefan must be somewhere around.But by now Elena was shivering too hard to talk.And now that she was in her underwear, he was making her lie down on furs, tucking other fur s around her. Elena didnt understand anything that was happening, but it was al starting not to matter. She was floating somewhere outside herself, watching without much interest.Then another body was slipping in under the furs. She snapped back from the place she had been floating. Very before long she got a look at a bare chest. And then a warm, compact body slid into the temporary sleeping bag with her.Warm, hard arms went around her, keeping her in contact al over her body.Through the mist she vaguely heard Stefans voice.What the hell are you doing?